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私 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 厶

Stroke order
7 strokes

私 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+2, 7 strokes, cangjie input 竹木戈 (HDI), four-corner 22930, composition ⿰禾厶)

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 849, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24913
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1271, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2589, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+79C1
simp. and trad.
 私
2nd round simp. 厶
alternative forms 厶 ancient
Old Chinese
私 *sil
厶 *sil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sil): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 厶 (OC *sil) – private grain or field.

Displaced the original form 厶.

Note:

  • si1 - vernacular;
  • so1 - literary.

Note:

  • sai - vernacular;
  • sir/su - literary.

Note:

  • se1 - literary;
  • sai1 - vernacular.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 私
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sij ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]əj/
English private

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 私
Reading # 1/1
No. 11949
Phonetic
component 		厶
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		私
Old
Chinese 		/*sil/

私

  1. self; personal; private
    私人  ―  sīrén  ―  personal
    私有  ―  sīyǒu  ―  private
  2. selfish
    自私  ―  zìsī  ―  selfish
  3. (Can we add an example for this sense?) (Classical, humble) first-person singular pronoun: I; me
  4. illegal or secret goods
    走私  ―  zǒusī  ―  to smuggle
  5. stealthily; secretly
    私語／私语  ―  sīyǔ  ―  to whisper
  6. (obsolete) Used by women to refer to their sister's husband
  7. reproductive organs; genitals
  8. (Internet slang) Short for 私聊 (sīliáo, “to PM, to DM”).

私

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Kanji in this term
私
わたし
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
和多志 (neologism)

Shift from watakushi below.[1][2]

This reading was already prevalent in early modern times, possibly around the mid-late Muromachi to early-Edo period.

私(わたし) • (watashi) 

  1. (polite) first-person singular pronoun: I, me
    私(わたし)はイギリス人(じん)です。
    Watashi wa Igirisu-jin desu.
    I am British.

Watashi is the usual polite term for referring to oneself.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:私.

Japanese first-person pronouns

Japanese first-person pronouns by speakers and situations according to Yuko Saegusa, Concerning the First Personal Pronoun of Native Japanese Speakers (2009)

First-person pronouns by elementary school pupils (2008)
Speaker Situation 1 2 3
Female To friends うち (uchi) 49% First name 26% あたし (atashi) 15%
In the family First name 33% あたし (atashi) 29% うち (uchi) 23%
In a class わたし (watashi) 86% あたし (atashi) 7% うち (uchi) 6%
To an unknown visitor わたし (watashi) 75% あたし (atashi), first name, うち (uchi) 8% each
To the class teacher わたし (watashi) 66% First name 13% あたし (atashi) 9%
Male To friends おれ (ore) 72% ぼく (boku) 19% First name 4%
In the family おれ (ore) 62% ぼく (boku) 23% うち (uchi) 6%
In a class ぼく (boku) 85% おれ (ore) 13% First name, nickname 1% each
To an unknown visitor ぼく (boku) 64% おれ (ore) 26% First name 4%
To the class teacher ぼく (boku) 67% おれ (ore) 27% First name 3%
First-person pronouns by university students (2009)
Speaker Situation 1 2 3
Female To friends うち (uchi) 39% あたし (atashi) 30% わたし (watashi) 22%
In the family あたし (atashi) 28% First name 27% うち (uchi) 18%
In a class わたし (watashi) 89% あたし (atashi) 7% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 3%
To an unknown visitor わたし (watashi) 81% あたし (atashi) 10% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 6%
To the class teacher わたし (watashi) 77% あたし (atashi) 17% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 7%
Male To friends おれ (ore) 87% うち (uchi) 4% わたし (watashi), 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 2% each
In the family おれ (ore) 88% ぼく (boku), 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 5% each
In a class わたし (watashi) 48% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 28% ぼく (boku) 22%
To an unknown visitor ぼく (boku) 36% 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 29% わたし (watashi) 22%
To the class teacher 自分(じぶん) (jibun) 38% ぼく (boku) 29% わたし (watashi) 22%
Kanji in this term
私
わたくし
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 私 (watakusi).

A surface analysis suggests a compound term. However, no likely etyma are known.

  • From first-person pronoun 我 (wa, “I, me”) + takusi: although the first element seems likely, the original meaning of watakushi was “private”, as opposed to “public”, with no first-person pronoun usage until the late 13th century.
  • From wata + kusi: the only phonetic matches are 綿 (wata, “cotton; cotton batting”), 腸 (wata, “guts, one's innards”, likely derived from the “batting” sense), 海 (wata, “sea, ocean”) + 串 (kusi, “skewer”), 奇し (kusi, “magic, fantastic, supernatural”, adjective), 酒 (kusi, “alcoholic beverage”, likely derived from the “magic” sense), 櫛 (kusi, “comb”).
  • From wataku + si: no such word wataku appears to exist.
  • From wa + ta + ku + si: unknown.

The meaning evolved over time from “private” or “privatization”, to refer to things that are personal, to refer to one's own person, and then finally to serve as a generic first-person pronoun. The full form watakushi is still used in modern Japanese as a formal, highly polite first-person pronoun. The abbreviated form watashi is now the most common and neutrally polite first-person pronoun.

私(わたくし) • (watakushi) 

  1. a personal or private matter
  2. (by extension) selfishness
    Synonyms: 自分勝手 (jibun katte), 私利私欲 (shiri shiyoku)

私(わたくし) • (watakushi) 

  1. (formal) first-person singular pronoun: I, me

Watakushi is the formal term, only used in certain circumstances, such as by TV announcers or public figures such as politicians. Conversely, it is too formal for casual conversation for men, where terms like 俺 (ore) are preferred.

Kanji in this term
私
し
Grade: 6
on'yomi

/si/ → /ɕi/

From Middle Chinese 私 (MC sij).

私(し) • (shi) 

  1. personal, private
  2. secret

私(し) • (shi) 

  1. a personal or private matter
  2. selfishness
  3. privacy, secrecy
  4. (women's speech, obsolete) a brother-in-law
Kanji in this term
私
あたし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
あたくし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【あたくし】
[pronoun] more polite form of あたし (atashi)
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
あっし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
あし
Grade: 6
irregular

For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry: あし

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: あし.)

Kanji in this term
私
あたい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
あて
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【わい】
[pronoun] (dialect, Kansai, Kagoshima; or Internet slang) I, me (first-person pronoun, mainly used by males)
[pronoun] you (second-person pronoun, used when addressing an equal or inferior)
[particle] (dated or dialectal) A particle used in the end of sentences to indicate admiration or emotion. Slightly stronger than わ (wa).
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【儂わし】H
[pronoun] (mainly Western Japan) I, me
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling (more common) of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わっし
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わっち
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わたい
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わちき
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
【わちき】
[pronoun] (archaic) I; me (used by prostitutes in the Edo period; sometimes used by tradesmen's daughters)
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わて
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
私
わらわ
Grade: 6
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 私 – see the following entry.
(This term, 私, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

私 (eumhun 사사 사 (sasa sa))

  1. hanja form? of 사 (“private, personal”)

私 (watakusi) (kana わたくし)

  1. a personal or private matter
  • Japanese: 私 (watakushi, watashi)

私: Hán Nôm readings: tư, tây

  1. private, personal