en.wiktionary.org

r - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary


Character variations

Upper case R, the source for lower case r Modification of capital letter R by not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.

r (upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
  • Pronunciation of IPA [rɑː, ɑrrɑː] with the sound [r]:(file)

r

  1. Abbreviation of ronto-.
  2. (engineering, geometry) radius
  3. (IPA) (a) an alveolar trill.
    (b) Used in broad transcription for any rhotic consonant, e.g. in English, French or Japanese where the ⟨r⟩ is not a trill [r].
    (c) (superscript ⟨ʳ⟩) an [r]-trill release (of a plosive); a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [r].
    (d) (superscript, obsolete) a non-trilled rhotic coloration or offglide of a vowel; a rhotic vowel, now formed with ⟨◌˞⟩ or a more-precise transcription such as ⟨ʴ⟩ – see ⟨ʳ⟩.
  4. (transcription) used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent various rhotic sounds:
    1. Romanization of the Hebrew ר (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš”) in the Common Israeli, Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006), and ISO 259 transliteration schemes
    2. Romanization of the Hebrew רּ (“reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”) in the Common Israeli transliteration scheme
  5. (chemistry) of a tactic diad, having structural units in opposition.
  6. (physics) relative. E.g. vr or vr for relative velocity.
  • (Romanization of רּ, “reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”): rr (in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)
  • Letter styles

  • Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type

    Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type

  • Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

    Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur

Other representations of R:

Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ, the Old English letter replaced by Latin r
Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ, the Old English letter replaced by Latin r

Old English lower case letter r, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case r of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ.

r (lower case, upper case R, plural rs or r's)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.

From are and our, pronounced like the name of the letter r.

r

  1. (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of are.
    How r u ― How are you?

    • 2018, Tommy Orange, “Jacquie Red Feather”, in There There, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 100:

      What r u doing? Jacquie texted Opal. She put her phone on the bed and went to her suitcase to get her swimsuit.

text messaging: are

r

  1. (Internet slang, text messaging) Abbreviation of our.

    • 2013, Jessica Burkhart, Home for Christmas (Canterwood Crest; Super Special), New York, NY: Aladdin M!X, →ISBN, page 44:

      This was supposed 2 be a SURPRISE, but the girls got it out of me. ☺ I wanted all of us 2 spend Xmas 2gether. By all, I mean r horses 2. Sooo . . . B, C, G, Z, & D, you have guests waiting @ BC. Zane, Valentino, Scout, Nero, & Polo r there! Now we can ride r horses when we r not volunteering & spend Xmas w them. ☺

Abbreviations.

r

  1. (stenoscript) the sound sequence /ɑr/, including the verb are
  2. (stenoscript) Abbreviation of her and inflection hers.
  3. (stenoscript) Abbreviation of our, inflection ours, and homophone hour.

r lower case (upper case R)

  1. The twenty-fourth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The nineteenth letter of the Basque alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Catalan alphabet, called erra, erre, or er and written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Czech alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • Previous letter: q
  • Next letter: s

The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original was rꜣ. The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods,[1] or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.

 m

  1. mouth (of humans or animals)
    • Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78):
      jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f
      I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.
  2. (figuratively, chiefly in titles) speaker, mouthpiece
  3. utterance, statement
  4. especially, ritual utterance, spell
  5. (rare) language, manner of speech
  6. opening, hole
  7. bodily orifice, opening of the human body in general, including eyes, ears, nostrils, the vulva, and open wounds
  8. entrance to a building or other enclosed structure, doorway

    • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9:


      jw hy n rꜥ r r(ꜣ) ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt
      May there be cries of joy for Ra at the opening of the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make the akh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).
  9. entrance to a land or place in general
  10. mouth of a river
  11. water’s edge, waterline
  12. (especially in compounds) place or thing seen as an opening from one point to another, passage, thoroughfare
  13. a measure of volume equivalent to 1⁄32 of a hnw or 1⁄320 of a ḥqꜣt (about 15 millilitres); mouthful
  14. part, piece, fraction
  15. (mathematics) used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
    • 12th Dynasty, Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn, The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:

Following Sethe,[3] it has often been suggested that r should also be taken to mean ‘one third’ as a reading of the sign

D150

(questionably attested in hieroglyphs proper), extrapolating backward from the dual form rwj (“two thirds”); however, such a usage remains uncertain, and the reading of the form ḫmt-rw (“three fourths”) argues against the interpretation of r in rwj as specifically meaning a third.

In the sense of ‘mouth’ the plural is rare, as the singular is usually used even in reference to the mouths of multiple people.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

r
r r jr r
[New Kingdom] [21st Dynasty] [Greco-Roman Period]
rare in hieratic

The senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ sometimes carry different determinatives:

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

r r
[Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period] [Old and Middle Kingdoms and Greco-Roman Period]
in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ in senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’

The sense ‘water’s edge’ is similarly sometimes found with a different determinative:

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

Possibly cognate to Hebrew אֶל (ʾel, “to, at”), Arabic إِلَى (ʔilā, “to, until, near”).[4]

r

  1. regarding, with respect to, concerning, according to
  2. in order to, for (the purpose of)
  3. (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic prospective of a verb
  4. (with verbs of motion, of places) to, towards
  5. (in adverbial sentences, of places, roles, or functions) headed for, destined for, bound for
  6. (of time) at, in, on
  7. against, in opposition to
  8. from, apart from (ablative)
  9. (after an adjective or adverb, forming the comparative) than, by comparison to
  10. (generally in sentence-initial form jr) introduces the protasis of a conditional sentence; if, when, as
  11. (with a verb in the terminative as object) until

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

jr jw
[since the Old Kingdom] [Late Period]
at the beginning of a sentence,
and occasionally before pronouns;
in wider usage in the Old Kingdom

r

 enclitic

  1. (with attached suffix pronoun) so, regarding (that, you, me, etc.), as for (that, you, me, etc.)

This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of r  

  1. ^ Palma, Helena Lopez (2015) “Egyptian Fractional Numerals: The grammar of Egyptian NPs and statements with fractional number expressions” in Lingua Aegyptia, volume 23, page 199
  2. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58
  3. ^ Sethe, Kurt (1916) Von Zahlen und Zahlworten bei den alten Ägyptern, page 82–83
  4. ^ Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 15

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called ro and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Estonian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Faroese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and r for information on the development of the glyph itself.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called är or er and written in the Latin script.

(compounds):

  • (letter name) IPA(key): /ɛʁ/

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. A letter of the Fula alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r

  1. Romanization of 𐍂
  • (phoneme): IPA(key): [ˈr]
  • (letter name): IPA(key): [ˈɛrː]

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called err and written in the Latin script.
  • r in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

r (upper case R)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Icelandic alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • (context pronunciation) IPA(key): /ɾ/
  • (letter name) IPA(key): /ɾe/

r (upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The fifteenth letter of the Irish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case R)

  1. The sixteenth letter of the Italian alphabet, called erre and written in the Latin script.

Alternative spelling of er.

Borrowed from Tagalog r. Letter pronunciation is influenced by English r.

  • (letter name) IPA(key): /ʔaɾ/ [ʔʌɾ]
  • (phoneme) IPA(key): /ɾ/ [ɾ]

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Kankanaey alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
  • Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016) Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy [Kankanaey Orthography]‎[4] (in Kankanaey and Tagalog), →ISBN, pages 10-11

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. A letter in the Latin alphabet, representing the sound /r/

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

R

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Latvian alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-second letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (r5 / r0, Zhuyin ˙ㄖ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 兒 / 儿
  • IPA(key): [r], (more recently among some speakers) [ʁ]

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. A letter of the North Frisian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • In the syllable coda, ⟨r⟩ is vowelized to [ɐ̯], creating diphthongs (similarly to German and non-rhotic English). After ⟨ia, ua⟩, insofar as they have [ɐ̯] to begin with, it may be lost entirely.
  • In Sylt and Föhr-Amrum Frisian, ⟨r⟩ before a voiceless stop is frequently not vowelized, but becomes [x] instead. This development is not related (or at least not directly so) to the use of uvular R, since it happens equally in those speakers who say [r].
  • (letter name): IPA(key): /ærː/, /æɾː/
  • (phoneme): IPA(key): /r/, /ɾ/, /ʁ/

r

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • /ʁ/ is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
  • Dialects with /ʁ/ do not have retroflex consonants.
  • Silent before l in many dialects, such as [ˈdɔːlɪ] or [ˈdɔrlɪ] (dårlig/dårleg).

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

r (upper case R, lower case)

  1. The twenty-third letter of the Polish alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. (International Standard) The twenty-second letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  2. (Pan-Vlax) The twenty-third letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “R, r”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 14

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called er, re, or rî and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The fifteenth letter of the Scottish Gaelic alphabet, written in the Latin script. It is preceded by p and followed by s. Its traditional name is ruis (“elder”).
  • R (uppercase)

r (Cyrillic spelling р)

  1. The 23rd letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet (gajica), preceded by p and followed by s.

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and r for development of the glyph itself.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. The thirty-first letter of the Slovak alphabet, written in the Latin script.
  • IPA(key): (phoneme) /ɾ/, /r/
  • IPA(key): (letter name) /ˈere/ [ˈe.re]

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

    • 1915, Julio Vicuña Cifuentes, Mitos y Supersticiones Recogidos de la Tradición Oral Chilena, page 270:

      Las ostras deben comerse sólo en los meses que no llevan r: Mayo, Junio, Julio y Agosto

      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Swedish alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Borrowed from Spanish r. Each pronunciation has a different source:

  • Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English r.
  • Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character ᜇ (da/ra).
  • Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish r.
  • (Standard Tagalog)
    • IPA(key): /ˈʔaɾ/ [ˈʔaɾ] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
    • IPA(key): /ˈɾa/ [ˈɾa] (letter name, Abakada alphabet)
      • Rhymes: -a
    • IPA(key): /ˈʔeɾe/ [ˈʔɛː.ɾɛ] (letter name, Abecedario)
    • IPA(key): /ɾ/ [ɾ] (phoneme)

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)

  1. The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)

  1. The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)

  1. (historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.
  • “r”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkish alphabet, called re and written in the Latin script.

r (upper case R)

  1. The twenty-first letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ph and followed by rh.
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “r”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The nineteenth letter of the Yoruba alphabet, called rí and written in the Latin script.

r (lower case, upper case R)

  1. The eighteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

{{c:nb:Clocks}}