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Donald James Cram - Wikipedia

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(Reindirizzamento da Donald J. Cram)

Donald James Cram (Chester, 22 aprile 1919 – Palm Desert, 17 giugno 2001) è stato un chimico statunitense, vincitore del Premio Nobel per la chimica nel 1987.

Si laureò alla Università di Harvard e insegnò dal 1956 all'Università della California di Los Angeles. Studiò un gruppo di composti organici particolari che presentano una struttura molecolare ciclica o ad anello in grado di accoppiarsi stericamente o selettivamente con altre molecole organiche di struttura specifica. Per tali studi ottenne, con C. Pedersen e Jean-Marie Lehn, il premio Nobel per la chimica nel 1987.

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Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la chimica
1901 - 1925Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford (1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth, Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt, Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner, John Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) • Otto Diels, Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975Edwin McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin, Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz, John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen, Ronald Norrish, George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton, Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William Stein (1972) • E. O. Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown, Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger (1980) • Ken'ichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis, Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer, John Ernest Walker, Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn, John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - oggiWilliam Knowles, Ryōji Noyori, Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn, Kōichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka, Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage, James Fraser Stoddart, Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold, George Pieczenik Smith, Gregory Paul Winter (2018) • John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna (2020) • David MacMillan, Benjamin List (2021) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, Barry Sharpless (2022) • Moungi Bawendi, Aleksej Ekimov, Louis E. Brus (2023) • David Baker, Demis Hassabis, John M. Jumper (2024)

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Vincitori della National Medal of Science per la chimica
Roger Adams (1964) · Frank Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork (1982) · Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel, Richard Zare (1983) · Harry B. Gray, Yuan T. Lee, Carl S. Marvel, Frank H. Westheimer (1986) · William S. Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler (1987) · William O. Baker, Konrad Emil Bloch, Elias James Corey (1988) · Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudoph A. Marcus, Harden M. McConnell (1989) · Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers, John D. Roberts (1990) · Ronald Breslow, Gertrude B. Elion, Dudley Herschbach, Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1991) · Howard Ensign Simmons Jr. (1992) · Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman (1993) · George S. Hammond (1994) · Thomas Cech, Isabella L. Karle (1995) · Norman Davidson (1996) · Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston (1997) · John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides (1998) · Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon (1999) · John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph F. Hirschmann (2000) · Ernest R. Davidson, Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2001) · John I. Brauman (2002) · Stephen J. Lippard (2004) · Tobin J. Marks 2005) · Marvin H. Caruthers, Peter B. Dervan (2006) · Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2007) · Joanna S. Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe (2008) · Stephen J. Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox (2009) · Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang (2010) · Allen Bard, Frederick Hawthorne (2011) · Judith P. Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald (2012) · Geraldine L. Richmond (2013) · Paul Alivisatos (2014)

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Vincitori del Premio Willard Gibbs (ACS)
Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton (1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cram (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

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Vincitori della Medaglia Glenn T. Seaborg (UCLA)
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1987) • Warren W. Kaeding (1988) • Donald James Cram (1989) • George Gregory (1990) • John D. Roberts (1991) • Ralph H. Bauer (1992) • Robert Bruce Merrifield (1993) • George S. Hammond (1994) • George B. Rathmann (1995) • Mary L. Good (1996) • Frederick Hawthorne (1997) • Paul Delos Boyer (1998) • John P. McTague (1999) • Daniel Koshland (2000) • James B. Peter (2001) • Richard Smalley (2002) • Ad Bax, Alexander Pines (2003) • David Eisenberg (2004) • Ronald M. Evans (2005) • David A. Evans (2006) • R. Stanley Williams (2007) • Joan Selverstone Valentine (2008) • Mostafa A. El-Sayed (2009) • Robert Tjian (2010) • Richard Heck (2011) • Harold Varmus (2012) • Kendall Houk (2013) • Fred Wudl, Linda Wudl (2014) • Stefan Hell (2015) • Michael E. Jung (2016) • William Gelbart (2017) • Richard Henderson, Robert Glaeser (2018) • Paul Alivisatos (2019)

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Vincitori del Premio Arthur C. Cope (ACS)
Roald Hoffmann, Robert Burns Woodward (1973) • Donald James Cram (1974) • Elias James Corey (1975) • Orville L. Chapman (1978) • Gilbert Stork (1980) • Frank H. Westheimer (1982) • Albert J. Eschenmoser (1984) • Duilio Arigoni (1986) • Ronald Breslow (1987) • Kenneth B. Wiberg (1988) • William Summer Johnson (1989) • Koji Nakanishi (1990) • Gerhard L. Closs (1991) • Barry Sharpless (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • John D. Roberts (1994) • George M. Whitesides (1995) • Robert G. Bergman (1996) • Ryōji Noyori (1997) • Samuel J. Danishefsky (1998) • Ralph F. Hirschmann (1999) • David A. Evans (2000) • George Andrew Olah (2001) • Robert Grubbs (2002) • Larry E. Overman (2003) • Barry M. Trost (2004) • K.C. Nicolaou (2005) • Peter G. Schultz (2006) • Jean Fréchet (2007) • James Fraser Stoddart (2008) • Manfred T. Reetz (2009) • Kendall N. Houk (2010) • Nicholas Turro (2011) • Chi-Huey Wong (2012) • Stephen L. Buchwald (2013) • Stuart Schreiber (2014) • Paul A. Wender (2015) • Eric Jacobsen (2016) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2017) • Steven Ley (2018) • Dieter Seebach (2019) • Dennis A. Dougherty (2020)

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Vincitori del NAS Award in Chemical Sciences
Linus Pauling (1979) • Frank H. Westheimer (1980) • Bruno H. Zimm (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Richard B. Bernstein (1985) • Roald Hoffmann (1986) • Herbert C. Brown (1987) • Harden M. McConnell (1988) • Ronald Breslow (1989) • F. Albert Cotton (1990) • Richard N. Zare (1991) • Donald J. Cram (1992) • Richard H. Holm (1993) • Koji Nakanishi (1994) • Isabella L. Karle (1995) • Ahmed H. Zewail (1996) • M. Frederick Hawthorne (1997) • Allen J. Bard (1998) • John D. Roberts (1999) • K. Barry Sharpless (2000) • John I. Brauman (2001) • Elias J. Corey (2002) • Harry B. Gray (2003) • Robert G. Parr (2004) • Thomas C. Bruice (2005) • Samuel J. Danishefsky (2006) • Robert G. Bergman (2007) • JoAnne Stubbe (2008) • Joanna S. Fowler (2009) • Louis E. Brus (2010) • Stephen J. Benkovic (2011)
Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN) 12760021 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0001 1597 3372 · LCCN (EN) n50019077 · GND (DE) 119220253 · BNF (FR) cb12281342f (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007289581905171 · NDL (EN, JA) 00436827