Introduction: Setting Up the Board
Notes
For a French edition, see Jacques de Cessoles, Le Jeu des Eschaz Moralisé, ed. Alain Collet, trans. Jean Ferron (Paris: Champion, 1999).
Jenny Adams has also edited an edition of Caxton’s version: The Game and Playe of the Chesse, TEAMS: Middle English Text Series (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 2009).
Thomas Kaeppeli, Scriptures Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, 4 vols. (Rome: S. Sabina, 1975), 2:311-18.
Harold J. R. Murray, A History of Chess (Northampton, MA: Benjamin, 1913), p. 449.
Colleen Schafroth, The Art of Chess (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2002), p. 36.
Sonja Musser Golladay, “Los Libros de Acedrex Dados e Tobias: Historical, Artistic, and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso’s Book of Games” PhD Diss. (Tucson: University of Arizona, 2007).
For an excerpt of the scee in Middle English, see Editio princeps des mitteleng-lischen Cassamus (Alexanderfragmentes) der Universitätsbibliothek Cambridge, ed. Karl Roβkopf (Erlangen: K. B. Hof- und Universitätsbuchdruckerei von Junge & Sohn, 1911), and The Tale of Beryn, ed. F. J. Furnivall and W. G. Stone, EETS (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1909).
Raimbert de Paris, Le chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche (Paris: Techener, 1812).
“Fouke le Fitz Waryn,” in Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales, trans. Thomas E. Kelly, ed. Stephen Knight and Thomas H. Ohlgren, TEAMS: Middle English Texts Series, 2nd ed.(Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2000), p. 693.
For early discussions of play and game in the Middle Ages, see, for instance: Joseph Strutt, The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (London: Methuen, 1801)
J. Aspen, Pictures of the Manners, Customs, Sports, and Pastimes of Inhabitants of England to the Eighteenth Century (London: J. Harris, 1825)
H. Bett, The Games of Children: Their Origin and History (London: Methuen, 1929)
O. P. Monckton, Pastimes in Times Past (London: West Strand, 1913)
J. T. Micklewaith, “Indoor Games of School Boys in the Middle Ages,” Archaeology Journal 49 (1892): 319-28
Alice Bertha Gomme, The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland (London: David Nutt, 1894).
See Eliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, The Study of Games (New York: John Wiley, 1971), pp. 19-26
Paul G. Brewster, “Games and Sports in Shakespeare,” in The Study of Games, ed. Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith (New York: John Wiley, 1971), pp. 27-47.
Jean-Michel Mehl, Les jeux au royaume de France du xiiie au début du xvie siècle [The Games of Royalty in France from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Centuries] (Paris: Fayard, 1990)
Jean-Michel Mehl, Des jeux et des hommes dans la société médiévale [Games and Men in Medieval Society] (Paris: Champion, 2010)
Nicholas Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry: The Education of the English Kings and Aristocracy 1066-1530 (London: Methuen, 1984), esp. 170-74, 178-80, 181-210
Nicholas Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 164-97
Nicholas Orme, “Education and Recreation,” in Gentry Culture in Late-Medieval England, ed. Raluca Radulescu and Alison Truelove (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005), 63-83.
Richard Eales, Chess: The History of a Game (New York: Facts on File, 1985)
Marilyn Yalom, Birth of the Chess Queen: A History (New York: HarperCollins, 2004)
John Marshall Carter, Medieval Games: Sports and Recreations in Feudal Society (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992)
John Marshall Carter, “The Study of Medieval Sports, Games, and Pastimes: A Fifteen-Year Reflection, 1988-2003,” Sports History Review 35 (2004): 159-69
Thomas S. Henricks, Disputed Pleasures: Sport and Society in Preindustrial England (New York and London, 1991), pp. 13-68.
Jesper Juul, Half Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), p. 23.
Daniel O’Sullivan, “Introduction,” in Chess in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period: A Fundamental Thought Paradigm of the Premodern World (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), p. 2.
Malcolm Andrew provides an overview of scholarly applications of game theory to Chaucer’s work, with a focus on The Canterbury Tales, in “Games,” A Companion to Chaucer, ed. Peter Brown (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 167-79.
John Leyerle, “The Game and Play of Hero,” in Concepts of the Hero in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, ed. Norman T. Burns and Christopher J. Regan (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1975), pp. 49-81
Michael W. McClintock, “Games and the Players of Games: Old French Fabliaux and the Shipman’s Tale” Chaucer Review 5 (1970): 112-36
Evan Seymour, Play and Seriousness in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde (Delaware: University of Delaware, 1973)
Roy Peter Clark, “Christmas Games in Chaucer’s the Miller’s Tale,” Studies in Short Fiction 13 (1976): 277-87
Stephen Manning, “Rhetoric, Game, Morality, and Geoffrey Chaucer,” Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1 (1979): 105-18.
Robert G. Cook, “The Play-Element in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” Tulane Studies in English 13 (1963): 5-31
Martin Stevens, “Laughter and Game in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” Speculum 47.1 (1972): 65-78
Carl Grey Martin, “The Cipher of Chivalry: Violence as Courtly Play in the World of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” Chaucer Review 43.3 (2009): 311-29.
Glending Olsen, Literature as Recreation in the Later Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982).
Richard Firth Green, Poets and Princepleasers: Literature and the English Court in the Late Middle Ages (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), 101-34.
Jenny Adams, Power Play: The Literature and Politics of Chess in the Late Middle Ages (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
Andrew Higl, Playing the Canterbury Tales: The Continuations and Additions (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012).
Laura Kendrick notes that Old English shows some evidence of the semantic structure, “playing a play,” but the language (for reasons unknown) did not adopt this structure long-term, see “Games Medievalists Play: How to Make Earnest and Still Enjoy It,” New Literary History 40.1 (2009), 49-50 [43-61].
Wulfstan, Canons of Edgar, ed. Roger Fowler (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. lxv.14.
V. A. Kolve, The Play Called Corpus Christi (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1966), pp. 12-13.
Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (New York: MacMillan, 1953), 66-67.
Laland and Janik, “The Animal Cultures Debate,” TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 21.10 (2006): 542 [542-47].
Rachel Kendal, “Animal ‘Culture Wars,’ Evidence from the Wild?” The Psychologist 24 (2008): 312-15
Paul C. Mundinger, “Animal Cultures and a General Theory of Cultural Evolution,” Ethology and Sociohiology 1.3 (1980): 183-223
Richie Nimmo, “Animal Cultures, Subjectivity, and Knowledge: Symmetrical Reflections beyond the Great Divide,” Society & Animals 20 (2012) 173-92
John Maynard Smith, Evolution and the Theory of Games (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1982)
Andrew Whiten and Carel P. van Schaik, “The Evolution of Animal ‘Cultures’and Social Intelligence,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 362 (2007): 603-20.
Rossella Lorenzi, “Oldest Gaming Tokens Found in Turkey,” Discovery, August 14, 2013, accessed August 28, 2013, http://news.discovery.com /history/archaeology/oldest-gaming-tokens-found-130814.htm.
Bernard Suits, The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia (Peterborough: Broadview, 2005), p. 55.
Ernst Robert Curtius, “Jest and Earnest in Medieval Literature,” in European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (New York: Bollington, 1953), pp. 417-35.
Geoffrey Chaucer, The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson, 3rd ed. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), line I.3186.
Chaucer, The Riverside Chaucer, line I.3177. Gerhard Joseph also addresses the game-earnest dichotomy in The Canterbury Tales through a close reading of the fragment I. See “Chaucerian ‘Game-Earnest’ and the ‘Argument of Herberage’ in The Canterbury Tales,” Chaucer Review 5 (1970): 83-96.
Peter Burke, “The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe,” Past & Present 146 (1995): 139.
Joffre Dumazedier, Toward a Society of Leisure, trans. Stewart E. McClure (New York: Free Press, 1967)
Michael Marrus, The Emergence of Leisure (New York: Harper & Row, 1974)
Jean Verdon, Les loisirs en France au Moyen Age [Recreation in Medieval France] (Paris: J. Tallandier, 1980), p. 9.
For a recent discussion of Huizinga’s theory of play and medieval aesthetics, see Mary Carruthers, The Experience of Beauty in the Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 16-44.
Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003, p. 95.
Edward Castronova, Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 147.
See Ehrmann, Jacques, “Homo Ludens Revisited,” Yale French Studies 41 (1968): 31-57
Eugen Fink, “The Oasis of Happiness: Toward an Ontology of Play,” Yale French Studies 41 (1968): 19-30
Thomas Malaby, “Beyond Play: A New Approach to Games,” Games and Culture 2.2 (2007): 95-113.
See, for instance, Eric Zimmerman, “Jerked Around by the Magic Circle-Clearing the Air Ten Years Later,” Gamasutra, February 7, 2012, accessed January 12, 2013, http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature /6696/jerked_around_by_the_magic_circle, and Darryl Woodford, “Abandoning the Magic Circle,” dpwoodford.net, 2008, accessed September 2, 2013, http://www.dpwoodford.net/Papers/MCSeminar.pdf
Darryl Woodford, “Abandoning the Magic Circle,” dpwoodford.net, 2008, accessed September 2, 2013, http://www.dpwoodford.net/Papers/MCSeminar.pdf