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Esperanto for histones: CENP-A, not CenH3, is the centromeric histone H3 variant - Chromosome Research

  • ️Cleveland, D. W.
  • ️Fri Apr 12 2013

Abstract

The first centromeric protein identified in any species was CENP-A, a divergent member of the histone H3 family that was recognised by autoantibodies from patients with scleroderma-spectrum disease. It has recently been suggested to rename this protein CenH3. Here, we argue that the original name should be maintained both because it is the basis of a long established nomenclature for centromere proteins and because it avoids confusion due to the presence of canonical histone H3 at centromeres.

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Since the time of Linnaeus, scientific nomenclature has been based on precedent. Over the past several centuries, the tried and proven path to naming a species (or more recently, a protein) is first to discover one and then name it. In recent years, the rush of scientific progress, with multiple groups often simultaneously discovering and naming the same protein at the same time, has stressed the naming convention, and occasionally, groups of scientists have stepped in to rationalise the nomenclature.

In 2012, an article entitled ‘A unified phylogeny-based nomenclature for histone variants’ appeared in the journal Epigenetics and Chromatin (Talbert et al. 2012). This article had a lengthy list of distinguished authors from the chromatin/epigenetics community and represents an effort to unify the histone nomenclature. This proposed simplification of naming histone variants follows on the heels of a number of previous distinguished efforts, including the rationalisation of the caspase nomenclature in 1996 (Alnemri et al. 1996), and a proposed standard nomenclature for the kinesin proteins (Lawrence et al. 2004). The caspase proposal was universally adopted almost immediately, as the ten different caspases were known by a host of confusing names at that time. The kinesin article also has been widely influential.

While the proposal to unify the histone nomenclature may have much to recommend it, with respect to the specialized histone H3 variant found at all active centromeres from budding yeast to human, we suggest, for the reasons detailed below, that the scientific community should maintain the original nomenclature (CENP-A) that was established for the centromeric histone H3 variant and avoid the usage of the misleading name (CenH3) proposed by Talbert et al. (2012).

The first known centromeric protein was discovered in human cells and named CENP-A in 1985 (Earnshaw and Rothfield 1985). CENP-A was shown to be a histone in 1991 by the late Doug Palmer, working with Bob Margolis (Palmer et al. 1991). This conclusion was subsequently confirmed when the protein was cloned by Kevin Sullivan and colleagues (Sullivan et al. 1994). CENP-A has been widely referred to by this name over the subsequent 28 years, and the CENP nomenclature has now been extended as far as CENP-X for well-studied proteins.

It has now been suggested (Talbert et al. 2012) that the name CENP-A should be superseded by CenH3 so as to simplify multiple names now in use in multiple species for the histone H3 variant found only at active centromeres. The budding yeast homolog of CENP-A, CSE4, was described in 1995 (Stoler et al. 1995), as the product of the Cse4 gene, which was discovered in a screen for mutations that affected chromosome segregation. A later addition was the Drosophila homologue, discovered in 2000 by homology with CENP-A and then named Cid (Henikoff et al. 2000). It is an important distinction to Drosophila geneticists that Cid was not named because of a pre-existing named mutation (in which case this name would have been retained by tradition). To the contrary, Cid was identified on the basis of sequence similarity and was known from the outset to be the Drosophila variant of CENP-A.

The name proposed in Talbert et al., CenH3, adds an unnecessary layer of confusion that is scientifically misleading: its use implies that this protein is the centromeric histone H3. This is simply not correct. A range of studies has revealed that regional centromeres contain not only CENP-A, but also lots of canonical histone H3. This canonical centromeric histone H3 is not just a ‘stuffer’ or contaminant of centromere chromatin. Studies ranging from biochemical fractionation (Ando et al. 2002; Foltz et al. 2006; Hori et al. 2008) to high-resolution light microscopy (Blower et al. 2002; Sullivan and Karpen 2004; Ribeiro et al. 2010) reveal that centromeric canonical H3 nucleosomes are interspersed with CENP-A nucleosomes and that specific components (e.g. CENP-C and the histone fold-containing CENP-T/W complex-Nishino et al. 2012) that make meaningful contacts with centromeric H3-containing chromatin are important for kinetochore assembly and function (Ohzeki et al. 2012). In fact, the interspersed H3 chromatin may represent a distinct chromosome domain, as it is post-translationally modified in a pattern that is distinct from both canonical heterochromatin and euchromatin (Sullivan and Karpen 2004). Recognising this, the term ‘CenH3’ would more appropriately refer to centromere-associated canonical histone H3 than it does to the centromere-specific CENP-A. Correspondingly, it is inappropriate as a name for the histone H3 variant that is found exclusively at centromeres.

While we appreciate the overall efforts to unify the nomenclature of histones from a phylogenetic perspective, our view is that the proposal by the many chromatin-oriented authors of the Epigenetics and Chromatin article (Talbert et al. 2012) to rename CENP-A as CenH3 does not take into account the extensive preceding literature on centromeres or kinetochores, or the scientific confusion raised by such a change. It is notable that while the signatories to this Commentary have been primary contributors to the centromere literature and all of us have published (some extensively) on CENP-A, none of us was consulted concerning the Epigenetics and Chromatin nomenclature proposal. As systems and other forms of integrative biology become increasingly prevalent and communities that do not normally interact are brought into contact (and potential conflict), other nomenclature issues such as this will arise when the same protein means different things to diverse groups of scientists. Thus, the importance of cross-communication between communities and respect for precedence in naming (in this case, the precedence of the well-established CENP nomenclature) may actually increase over the next few years.

Bearing in mind the confusion that will inevitably arise over whether the term CenH3 refers to canonical histone H3 interspersed with CENP-A at centromeres or to the CENP-A itself, we recommend that the proposed name CenH3 be abandoned and that this important marker for centromeric chromatin should be referred to by the name originally given to it in 1985—CENP-A.

Abbreviations

CENP-A:

Centromere protein A

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Acknowledgments

WCE and RCA are Principal Reseach Fellows of the Wellcome Trust [grant numbers 073915 and 095021, respectively]. The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology is supported by core grant numbers 077707 and 092076. BEB is funded by NIH R01-GM082989, a Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and a Rita Allen Foundation Scholar Award. KB is funded by grant R37 GM32238. IMC is funded by NIH grant GM088313. DWC is an Investigator of the Ludwig Institute, whose centromere work is supported by NIH grant GM074150. GPC thanks the National Science Foundation (MCB-1121563) for support. JGD is supported by NIH R01GM088371. TF is supported by the Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, through its ‘Funding Program for Next Generation World-Leading Researchers’(LS122). RG is funded by an EMBO Installation Grant. DWG is funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreements no. 241548 (MitoSys) and no. 258068 (Systems Microscopy) and from an ERC Starting Grant (no. 281198). DMG is supported by Cancer Research UK and the MRC. GJG is funded by NIH/NIGMS R01-50412, the Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology and the McCasland Foundation. PH is funded by Seventh Framework Programme grant BioSynCen from the European Research Council. TH is funded by Research Grants from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (MEXT). LETJ is funded by FCT grants BIA-BCM/100557/2008, BIAPRO/100537/2008 and an EMBO installation grant. GK is funded by NIH grant 5R01GM61169, GJPLK is supported by grants from the ERC (KINSIGN) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO-Vici-016.130.661). MAL is funded by NIH grant GM083988. SML is supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society (UU2009-4311, UU2011-5134) and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO-Vici-91812610). AL is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (grants CSD2007-015 and SAF2010-25157) and the EU (Marie Curie ITN “Nucleosome 4D”). HM is funded by grants PTDC/SAU-GMG/099704/2008 and PTDC/SAU-ONC/112917/2009 from FCT (COMPETE-FEDER), the Human Frontier Science Program and the 7th framework program grant PRECISE from the European Research Council. ADM is funded by BBSRC grant (BB/I021353/1). RLM is funded by NIH grant R01GM088716. HM is supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan, and the Kazusa DNA Research Institute Foundation. PSM is supported by a grant from the CCSRI (700824). BGM is funded by NSF award number 1024973. PM is funded by the Swiss National Foundation, University of Geneva and the Foundation Louis-Jeantet. RJO is supported by the NSF. EDS is funded by NIH grant R37GM024364. AFS is funded by NIH grant R01GM074728. PTS is funded by NIH grant number-R01 GM063045. BS is funded by NIH R01 GM098500 and March of Dimes 6-FY10-294. KFS is funded by Science Foundation Ireland grant 12/IA/1370. CES is funded by grants from the Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologia of Portugal, COMPETE and ON2. JRS is funded by BBSRC grant BB/H013024. CEW is funded by NIH grant GM059618. LW is funded by NIH grant GM69429. TY is funded by NIH grant GM083988, Core Grant CA06927, and an appropriation from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK

    W. C. Earnshaw & R. C. Allshire

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6059, USA

    B. E. Black

  3. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, USA

    K. Bloom & E. D. Salmon

  4. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    B. R. Brinkley

  5. School of Biology, Medical School Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK

    W. Brown

  6. Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, MIT, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA

    I. M. Cheeseman

  7. Chromosome Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    K. H. A. Choo

  8. Department of Biology and the Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280, USA

    G. P. Copenhaver

  9. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    J. G. DeLuca & K. Luger

  10. Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    A. Desai, K. Oegema & D. W. Cleveland

  11. Molecular Biology, FLI, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany

    S. Diekmann

  12. ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, University of Heidelberg, INF 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    S. Erhardt

  13. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    M. Fitzgerald-Hayes

  14. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    D. Foltz

  15. Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan

    T. Fukagawa

  16. IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    R. Gassmann & H. Maiato

  17. Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria

    D. W. Gerlich

  18. Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK

    D. M. Glover

  19. Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, MS 48, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA

    G. J. Gorbsky

  20. Jack and Eileen Connors Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    S. C. Harrison

  21. Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany

    P. Heun

  22. Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Ariake 3-8-31, Koto-ku, 135-8550, Tokyo, Japan

    T. Hirota

  23. Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal

    L. E. T. Jansen

  24. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Life Sciences Division and UC Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, One Cyclotron Road, MS977, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

    G. Karpen

  25. Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    G. J. P. L. Kops

  26. Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    M. A. Lampson

  27. Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    S. M. Lens

  28. Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain

    A. Losada

  29. Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada

    P. S. Maddox

  30. Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    R. L. Margolis

  31. Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan

    H. Masumoto

  32. Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    A. D. McAinsh

  33. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    B. G. Mellone & R. J. O’Neill

  34. Physiology and Metabolism Department, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    P. Meraldi

  35. Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany

    A. Musacchio

  36. Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    K. C. Scott & B. A. Sullivan

  37. Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    A. F. Straight

  38. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA

    P. T. Stukenberg

  39. Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland

    K. F. Sullivan

  40. IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and ICBAS—Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    C. E. Sunkel

  41. Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK

    J. R. Swedlow

  42. Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    C. E. Walczak

  43. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA

    P. E. Warburton

  44. Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr Gasse 7, 1030, Vienna, Austria

    S. Westermann

  45. Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    H. F. Willard

  46. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    L. Wordeman

  47. G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onnason, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan

    M. Yanagida

  48. Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA

    T. J. Yen

  49. Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan

    K. Yoda

Authors

  1. W. C. Earnshaw

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  2. R. C. Allshire

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  3. B. E. Black

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  4. K. Bloom

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  5. B. R. Brinkley

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  6. W. Brown

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  10. J. G. DeLuca

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  11. A. Desai

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  13. S. Erhardt

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  14. M. Fitzgerald-Hayes

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  15. D. Foltz

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  16. T. Fukagawa

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  18. D. W. Gerlich

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  24. L. E. T. Jansen

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  25. G. Karpen

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  26. G. J. P. L. Kops

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  27. M. A. Lampson

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  28. S. M. Lens

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  29. A. Losada

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  30. K. Luger

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  31. H. Maiato

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  32. P. S. Maddox

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  33. R. L. Margolis

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  34. H. Masumoto

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  35. A. D. McAinsh

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  36. B. G. Mellone

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  37. P. Meraldi

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  38. A. Musacchio

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  39. K. Oegema

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  40. R. J. O’Neill

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  41. E. D. Salmon

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  42. K. C. Scott

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  43. A. F. Straight

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  44. P. T. Stukenberg

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  45. B. A. Sullivan

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  46. K. F. Sullivan

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  47. C. E. Sunkel

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  48. J. R. Swedlow

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  49. C. E. Walczak

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  50. P. E. Warburton

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  51. S. Westermann

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  52. H. F. Willard

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  53. L. Wordeman

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  54. M. Yanagida

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  55. T. J. Yen

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  56. K. Yoda

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  57. D. W. Cleveland

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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to W. C. Earnshaw or D. W. Cleveland.

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Earnshaw, W.C., Allshire, R.C., Black, B.E. et al. Esperanto for histones: CENP-A, not CenH3, is the centromeric histone H3 variant. Chromosome Res 21, 101–106 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-013-9347-y

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  • Received: 15 March 2013

  • Revised: 17 March 2013

  • Accepted: 17 March 2013

  • Published: 12 April 2013

  • Issue Date: April 2013

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-013-9347-y

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