Project MUSE - <italic>The Canadian Born in the United States: An Analysis of the Statistics of the Canadian Element in the Population of the United States, 1850 to 1930</italic> by Leon E. Truesdell, and: <italic>The American Born in Canada: A Statistical Interpretation</italic> by R. H. Coats, M. C. Maclean (review)

414 THE CANADIAN HISTORICAL The CanadianBorn in the UnitedStates:An Analysis of theStatistics of theCanadianElementin thePopulationoftheUnitedStates,I850 toI930. By L•.ONE. TRU•.sD•.I.I.. (Relationsof Canadaand the United States,a seriesof studies preparedunder the direction of the Carnegie Endowmentfor International Peace,Division of Economicsand History: J. T. Shotwell,director.) New Haven: Yale University Press;Toronto: RyersonPress. 1943. Pp. xviii, 263. ($4.25) The AmericanBorn in Canada:A StatisticalInterpretation. By R. H. CoATs andM. C. MAC•J*-AN.(Relations ofCanadaand the UnitedStates.)Toronto: Ryerson Press;New Haven: Yale University Press. 1943. Pp. xxii, 176. ($3.75) IN the seriesof studiesof Canadian-AmericanRelations, three volumesdeal with the interminglingof the two peoples. The first came from the pen of the late Professor Marcus Lee Hansen2 In it the historian traced the movements of populationto and fro acrossthe borderfrom the early days of settlementand painteda pictureof twopeoples jointlyparticipating in the development of a continent with an almost total disregardof political boundariesand differing citizenship. The presentvolumescompletethe trilogy. They are the work of statisticiansand necessarily concentrateon recent times sincerelevant data are available only from 1850. That by Dr. Truesdell, the Chief Statistician for Population of the Bureauof the Census at Washington, describes the movement of Canadiansto the United States and their settlement there as revealedby the decennialcensusof that country. That by Dr. R. H. Coats and the late M. C. Macleanpresentsa parallelpicturefrom Canadiansources for the Americanborn in Canada. All three volumesare sponsoredby the CarnegieEndowmentfor International Peace,Divisionof History and Economics, of which Dr. JamesT. Shotwell is the director. Statistical tablesoccupymostof the spacein both of the presentworksand the methodof treatmentfollowedby Dr. Truesdellin studyingthe Canadianborn in the United Statesis in generalvery similar to that employedin Mr. Maclean's sectionon the Americanbornin Canada(Part II), beingdeterminedin eachcase by thecross-classifications madein therespective census compilations.In each volume an introductory chapter gives the basic data as to numbersand geographical distribution at thevarious census dates. Thegeographical analysis isnot onlyby statesandprovinces but by counties and citieswherethe numbers are significant andavailablein pastcensus tabulations. The localfigures arefor the use of those interestedin specificlocalities; they also provide material for more intensive analysesthan are attempted in either volume. Subsequentchapters deal with rural-urban distribution, sex, age, conjugal condition, year of immigration ,naturalization, literacy,language, occupation, and so on throughthe various cross-classifications presentedby the census. Each chapter containsa textual discussion giving the necessary definitionsand explanationsand commenting onthemoreoutstanding relations brought outby thefigures. Part I of the volume on the American born in Canada is of a different nature. It is largelytextualand analytical. Here Dr. Coatsdiscusses the resultsof employing certainmathematical techniques in measuring theevenness of spread of settlersfrom the United States,geographically, occupationally, andin termsof •Marcus Lee Hansen and J. B. Brebner, The Mingling of the Canadian and AmericanPeoples(New Haven, Toronto, 1940),reviewedin C.H.R., XXI, Dec., 1940, 416. R•w•ws o• RooKs 415 theexisting distribution of theresident Canadian population.Causal factors are examined andconclusions drawnconcerning thenatureandsignificance ofAmericanmigrationinto Canada. This part of the volumealsocontains a brief digression on the Canadian-born populationof the United Stateswhichwill be of useto persons not having access to Dr. Truesde!l'sstudy, and an addendumon day-to-daymovements acrossthe international border. To summarize in a fewsentences themass offactualinformation andinterpretativecomment in thesetwoworksis quiteimpossible.A fewselected findings will serveto Gemonstrate their character andsignificance. Dr. Truesdell finds that the number of Canadian born in the United States in 1930wasalmostone-sixth asgreatasthe entirenativepopulation in Canada. OfthetotalCanadian stock, i.e.persons ofCanadian birthandCanadian parentage, some3,337,000or about25 per cent are southof the border. Of this number approximately 33 percentare French. The Canadianbornarethe third largest immigrantgroupin the UnitedStates,beingexceeded onlyby the Germans and Italians. "More than seven-eighths of the Canadianborn returnedin the 1930 census werelivingin the Statesalongthe Canadianborder,plusMassachusetts, RhodeIsland,and Connecticut in the East,andOregon and Californiaon the Pacific Coast." On thewhole,theyareappreciably moreurbanthanthepopulations of theindividualstatesto whichtheymigrated. Detroit hasmoreCanadianbornresidents thananyotherAmerican city (95,000);Boston rankssecond, and New York a close third. "TheFrench-Canadian bornin general reported somewhat largerproportions ashavingarrivedin theearlieryearsthandidtheEnglish-Canadian born,but this relationship is not by any meansuniformlymaintainedin the individualstates. In Maine,NewHampshire, andVermont in particular, thepercentages ofFrenchCanadian bornreporting arrivalin 1900or earlierwereconsiderably smaller than thecorresponding percentages oftheEnglish-Canadian born,whilein othereastern States theywereappreciably larger,andin thePacific CoastStates,muchlarger." Unlikeotherimmigrantgroups, the...