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cobordism in nLab

Contents

Context

Manifolds and cobordisms

manifolds and cobordisms

cobordism theory, Introduction

Definitions

Genera and invariants

Classification

Theorems

Monoidal categories

monoidal categories

With braiding

With duals for objects

With duals for morphisms

With traces

Closed structure

Special sorts of products

Semisimplicity

Morphisms

Internal monoids

Examples

Theorems

In higher category theory

Contents

Idea

An (oriented) cobordism Σ\Sigma from an (oriented) smooth manifold X inX_{in} to an (oriented) smooth manifold X outX_{out} is a smooth manifold with boundary such that its boundary is the disjoint union

∂Σ≃X in∐X out \partial \Sigma \simeq X_{in} \coprod X_{out}

with induced orientation agreeing with the given one on X inX_{in} and being the opposite of that of X outX_{out} (Thom 54, Chapter IV, p. 64). Hence by labelling disjoint components of the boundary of any manifold with boundary Σ\Sigma as either “incoming” or “outgoing”, then Σ\Sigma becomes a cobordism from its incoming to its outgoing boundary components.

(While X in∐X outX_{in} \coprod X_{out} is the boundary of Σ\Sigma, conversely Σ\Sigma is the “co-boundary” of X in∐X outX_{in}\coprod X_{out}. This is part of the reason for the “co-” in “cobordism”, but sometimes one just says bordism. The difference is more pronounced when distinguishing between bordism homology theory and cobordism cohomology theory.)

With a few technical conditions on the boundary inclusions added, then (n−1)(n-1)-dimensional manifolds with diffeomorphism classes of nn-dimensional cobordisms between them form a category (a category of cobordisms) whose objects are the manifolds, whose morphisms are the cobordisms, and whose composition operation is the operation of gluing two cobordisms along a common boundary component. Such a category of cobordisms Bord nBord_n of some dimension nn is naturally a symmetric monoidal category Bord n ⊔Bord_n^{\sqcup} with the tensor product being the disjoint union ⊔\sqcup of manifolds.

The connected components in this category are called cobordism classes of manifolds. Under cartesian product and disjoint union, these form what is called the cobordism ring in the given dimension. The study of these classes, hence of manifolds “up to cobordisms”, is a central topic in algebraic topology.

A central insight connecting algebraic topology with mathematical physics is that a strong monoidal functor on a category of cobordisms with values in something like the category Vect (with its standard tensor product of modules) may be thought of as a formalized incarnation of what in physics is called a topological quantum field theory

Z:Bord n ⊔⟶Vect ⊗. Z \colon Bord_n^\sqcup \longrightarrow Vect^\otimes \,.

Here one thinks of a cobordism Σ\Sigma as a piece of spacetime (or worldvolume) of dimension nn, and of the (n−1)(n-1)-dimensional manifolds that this goes between as a piece of space (or brane). A functor ZZ as above is then thought of as sending each (n−1)(n-1)-dimensional space XX to its space of quantum states Z(X)Z(X) and each spacetime Σ\Sigma between X inX_{in} and X outX_{out} to a linear map Z(Σ):Z(X in)⟶Z(X out)Z(\Sigma)\colon Z(X_{in}) \longrightarrow Z(X_{out}).

From the perspective of mathematics, such a functor is a way to break up diffeomorphism invariants of closed manifolds of dimension nn into pieces and being able to reconstruct them from gluing of data associated to manifolds with (n−1)(n-1)-dimensional boundary.

If one considers manifolds with corners, then there is a fairly evident extension of the concept of cobordism that allows refinement of this gluing process to extended cobordisms of any dimension kk going between extended cobordisms of dimension k−1k-1. Such extended cobordisms of maximal dimension nn form a symmetric monoidal (infinity,n)-category called, naturally, the (infinity,n)-category of cobordisms. The cobordism hypothesis asserts that this is a most fundamental object in higher category theory and higher algebra, namely that it is the free symmetric monoidal (infinity,n)-category with duals. The corresponding extended concept of topological quantum field theory is accordingly called extended TQFT or similar.

Properties

Relation to Cohomotopy

The Pontrjagin-Thom isomorphism says that assigning Cohomotopy charge identifies suitable cobordism classes of submanifolds or abstract manifolds with cocycles in unstable Cohomotopy (see here) or stable Cohomotopy.

The following graphics illustrates the Cohomotopy charge map of the pair creation/annihilation cobordism for 0-dimensional submanifolds:

graphics grabbed from SS 19

(See also at Cohomotopy charge – For charged points.)

References

The notion originates with

(Beware that Pontrjagin still wrote “homology” for “cobordism”, following an earlier tradition that got abandoned.)

An early textbook account:

Further review:

For more see at cobordism cohomology theory.

A relation to fixed point spaces:

  • Carlos Prieto, Fixed point theory and framed cobordism, Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. Volume 21, Number 1 (2003), 155-169. (euclid:tmna/1475266278)

Last revised on July 24, 2024 at 12:45:28. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.