bicategory (changes) in nLab

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Bicategories

Idea

A bicategory is a particular algebraic notion of weak 2-category (in fact, the earliest to be formulated, and still the one in most common use). The idea is that a bicategory is a category weakly enriched over Cat: the hom-objects of a bicategory are hom-categories, but the associativity and unity laws of enriched categories hold only up to coherent isomorphism.

For information on morphisms of bicategories, see pseudofunctor.

Definition

A bicategory BB consists of

• A collection of objects x,y,z,…x,y,z,\dots, also called 00-cells;
• For each pair of 00-cells x,yx,y, a category B(x,y)B(x,y), whose objects are called morphisms or 11-cells and whose morphisms are called 2-morphisms or 22-cells;
• For each 00-cell xx, a distinguished 11-cell 1 x∈B(x,x)1_x\in B(x,x) called the identity morphism or identity 11-cell at xx;
• For each triple of 00-cells x,y,zx,y,z, a functor ∘:B(y,z)×B(x,y)→B(x,z){\circ}\colon B(y,z)\times B(x,y) \to B(x,z) called horizontal composition;
• For each pair of 00-cells x,yx,y, natural isomorphisms called unitors: (f ↦ f∘1 x θ ↦ θ∘1 1 x)≅id B(x,y)≅(f ↦ 1 y∘f θ ↦ 1 1 y∘θ):B(x,y)→B(x,y)\left( \begin{array}{rcl} f&\mapsto&f \circ 1_x\\ \theta&\mapsto&\theta \circ 1_{1_x} \end{array} \right) \cong id_{B(x,y)} \cong \left( \begin{array}{rcl} f&\mapsto&1_y\circ f\\ \theta&\mapsto&1_{1_y} \circ \theta \end{array} \right):B(x,y)\rightarrow B(x,y)
• For each quadruple of 00-cells w,x,y,zw,x,y,z, a natural isomorphism called the associator between the two functors from B(y,z)×B(x,y)×B(w,x)B(y,z) \times B(x,y) \times B(w,x) to B(w,z)B(w,z) built out of ∘{\circ}

such that

• The pentagon identity is satisfied by the associators;
• And the triangle identity is satisfied by the unitors.

If there is exactly one 00-cell, say **, then the definition is exactly the same as a monoidal structure on the category B(*,*)B(*,*). This is one of the motivating examples behind the delooping hypothesis and the general notion of k-tuply monoidal n-category.

Details

Here we spell out the above definition in full detail. Compare to the detailed definition of strict 22-category, which is written in the same style but is simpler.

A bicategory BB consists of

• a collection ObBOb B or Ob BOb_B of objects or 00-cells,
• for each object aa and object bb, a collection B(a,b)B(a,b) or Hom B(a,b)Hom_B(a,b) of morphisms or 11-cells a→ba \to b, and
• for each object aa, object bb, morphism f:a→bf\colon a \to b, and morphism g:a→bg\colon a \to b, a collection B(f,g)B(f,g) or 2Hom B(f,g)2Hom_B(f,g) of 22-morphisms or 22-cells f⇒gf \Rightarrow g or f⇒g:a→bf \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b,

equipped with

• for each object aa, an identity 1 a:a→a1_a\colon a \to a or id a:a→a\id_a\colon a \to a,
• for each a,b,ca,b,c, f:a→bf\colon a \to b, and g:b→cg\colon b \to c, a composite f;g:a→cf ; g\colon a \to c or g∘f:a→cg \circ f\colon a \to c,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, an identity or 22-identity 1 f:f⇒f1_f\colon f \Rightarrow f or Id f:f→f\Id_f\colon f \to f,
• for each f,g,h:a→bf,g,h\colon a \to b, η:f⇒g\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g, and θ:g⇒h\theta\colon g \Rightarrow h, a vertical composite θ•η:f⇒h\theta \bullet \eta\colon f \Rightarrow h,
• for each a,b,ca,b,c, f,g:a→bf,g\colon a \to b, h:b→ch\colon b \to c, and η:f⇒g\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g, a left whiskering h◃η:h∘f⇒h∘gh \triangleleft \eta \colon h \circ f \Rightarrow h \circ g,
• for each a,b,ca,b,c, f:a→bf\colon a \to b, g,h:b→cg,h\colon b \to c, and η:g⇒h\eta\colon g \Rightarrow h, a right whiskering η▹f:g∘f⇒h∘f\eta \triangleright f\colon g \circ f \Rightarrow h \circ f,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, a left unitor λ f:id b∘f⇒f\lambda_f\colon \id_b \circ f \Rightarrow f, and an inverse left unitor λ¯ f:f⇒id b∘f\bar{\lambda}_f\colon f \Rightarrow \id_b \circ f,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, a right unitor ρ f:f∘id a⇒f\rho_f\colon f \circ \id_a \Rightarrow f and an inverse right unitor ρ¯ f:f⇒f∘id a\bar{\rho}_f\colon f \Rightarrow f \circ \id_a, and
• for each a→fb→gc→hda \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c \overset{h}\to d, an associator α h,g,f:(h∘g)∘f⇒h∘(g∘f)\alpha_{h,g,f}\colon (h \circ g) \circ f \Rightarrow h \circ (g \circ f) and an inverse associator α¯ h,g,f:h∘(g∘f)⇒(h∘g)∘f\bar{\alpha}_{h,g,f}\colon h \circ (g \circ f) \Rightarrow (h \circ g) \circ f,

such that

• for each η:f⇒g:a→b\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b, the vertical composites η•Id f\eta \bullet \Id_f and Id g•η\Id_g \bullet \eta both equal η\eta,
• for each f⇒ηg⇒θh⇒ιi:a→bf \overset{\eta}\Rightarrow g \overset{\theta}\Rightarrow h \overset{\iota}\Rightarrow i\colon a \to b, the vertical composites ι•(θ•η)\iota \bullet (\theta \bullet \eta) and (ι•θ)•η(\iota \bullet \theta) \bullet \eta are equal,
• for each a→fb→gca \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c, the whiskerings Id g▹f\Id_g \triangleright f and g◃Id fg \triangleleft \Id_f both equal Id g∘f\Id_{g \circ f },
• for each f⇒ηg⇒θh:a→bf \overset{\eta}\Rightarrow g \overset{\theta}\Rightarrow h\colon a \to b and i:b→ci\colon b \to c, the vertical composite (i◃θ)•(i◃η)(i \triangleleft \theta) \bullet (i \triangleleft \eta) equals the whiskering i◃(θ•η)i \triangleleft (\theta \bullet \eta),
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b and g⇒ηh⇒θi:b→cg \overset{\eta}\Rightarrow h \overset{\theta}\Rightarrow i\colon b \to c, the vertical composite (θ▹f)•(η▹f)(\theta \triangleright f) \bullet (\eta \triangleright f) equals the whiskering (θ•η)▹f(\theta \bullet \eta) \triangleright f,
• for each η:f⇒g:a→b\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b, the vertical composites λ g•(id b◃η)\lambda_g \bullet (\id_b \triangleleft \eta) and η•λ f\eta \bullet \lambda_f are equal,
• for each η:f⇒g:a→b\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b, the vertical composites ρ g•(η▹id a)\rho_g \bullet (\eta \triangleright \id_a) and η•ρ f\eta \bullet \rho_f are equal,
• for each a→fb→gca \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c and η:h⇒i:c→d\eta\colon h \Rightarrow i\colon c \to d, the vertical composites α¯ i,g,f•(η▹(g∘f))\bar{\alpha}_{i,g,f} \bullet (\eta \triangleright (g \circ f)) and ((η▹g)▹f)•α¯ h,g,f((\eta \triangleright g) \triangleright f) \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{h,g,f} are equal,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, η:g⇒h:b→c\eta\colon g \Rightarrow h\colon b \to c, and i:c→di\colon c \to d, the vertical composites α¯ i,h,f•(i◃(η▹f))\bar{\alpha}_{i,h,f} \bullet (i \triangleleft (\eta \triangleright f)) and ((i◃η)▹f)•α¯ i,g,f((i \triangleleft \eta) \triangleright f) \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{i,g,f} are equal,
• for each η:f⇒g:a→b\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b and b→hc→idb \overset{h}\to c \overset{i}\to d, the vertical composites α¯ i,h,g•(i◃(h◃η))\bar{\alpha}_{i,h,g} \bullet (i \triangleleft (h \triangleleft \eta)) and ((i∘h)◃η)•α¯ i,h,f((i \circ h) \triangleleft \eta) \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{i,h,f} are equal,
• for each η:f⇒g:a→b\eta\colon f \Rightarrow g\colon a \to b and θ:h⇒i:b→c\theta\colon h \Rightarrow i\colon b \to c, the vertical composites (i◃η)•(θ▹f)(i \triangleleft \eta) \bullet (\theta \triangleright f) and (θ▹g)•(h◃η)(\theta \triangleright g) \bullet (h \triangleleft \eta) are equal,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, the vertical composites λ f•λ¯ f:f⇒f\lambda_f \bullet \bar{\lambda}_f\colon f \Rightarrow f and λ¯ f•λ f:id b∘f⇒id b∘f\bar{\lambda}_f \bullet \lambda_f\colon \id_b \circ f \Rightarrow \id_b \circ f equal the appropriate identity 22-morphisms,
• for each f:a→bf\colon a \to b, the vertical composites ρ f•ρ¯ f:f⇒f\rho_f \bullet \bar{\rho}_f\colon f \Rightarrow f and ρ¯ f•ρ f:f∘id a⇒f∘id a\bar{\rho}_f \bullet \rho_f\colon f \circ \id_a \Rightarrow f \circ \id_a equal the appropriate identity 22-morphisms,
• for each a→fb→gc→hda \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c \overset{h}\to d, the vertical composites α¯ h,g,f•α h,g,f:(h∘g)∘f⇒(h∘g)∘f\bar{\alpha}_{h,g,f} \bullet \alpha_{h,g,f}\colon (h \circ g) \circ f \Rightarrow (h \circ g) \circ f and α h,g,f•α¯ h,g,f:h∘(g∘f)⇒h∘(g∘f)\alpha_{h,g,f} \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{h,g,f}\colon h \circ (g \circ f) \Rightarrow h \circ (g \circ f) equal the appropriate identity 22-morphisms,
• for each a→fb→gca \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c, the vertical composite (ρ g▹f)•α¯ g,id b,f(\rho_g \triangleright f) \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{g,\id_b,f} equals the whiskering g◃λ fg \triangleleft \lambda_f, and
• for each a→fb→gc→hd→iea \overset{f}\to b \overset{g}\to c \overset{h}\to d \overset{i}\to e, the vertical composites ((α¯ i,h,g▹f)•α¯ i,h∘g,f)•(i◃α¯ h,g,f)((\bar{\alpha}_{i,h,g} \triangleright f) \bullet \bar{\alpha}_{i,h \circ g,f}) \bullet (i \triangleleft \bar{\alpha}_{h,g,f}) and α¯ i∘h,g,f•α¯ i,h,g∘f\bar{\alpha}_{i \circ h,g,f}\bullet \bar{\alpha}_{i,h,g \circ f} are equal.

It is quite possible that there are errors or omissions in this list, although they should be easy to correct. The point is not that one would want to write out the definition in such elementary terms (although apparently I just did anyway) but rather that one can.

Examples

• Any strict 2-category is a bicategory in which the unitors and associator are identities. This includes Cat, MonCat, the algebras for any strict 2-monad, and so on, at least as classically conceived.

• A monoidal category MM may be regarded as a bicategory BMB M with a single object •\bullet. The objects AA of MM become 1-cells [A]:•→•[A]: \bullet \to \bullet of BMB M; these are composed across the 0-cell •\bullet using the definition [A]∘ 0[B]=[A⊗B][A] \circ_0 [B] = [A \otimes B], using the monoidal product ⊗\otimes of MM. The identity 1-cell •→•\bullet \to \bullet is [I][I], where II is the monoidal unit of MM. The morphisms f:A→Bf: A \to B become 2-cells [f]:[A]→[B][f]: [A] \to [B] of BMB M. The associativity and unit constraints of the monoidal category MM transfer straightforwardly to associativity and unit data of the bicategory BMB M. The construction is a special case of delooping (see there).

• Categories, anafunctors, and natural transformations, which is a more appropriate definition of Cat in the absence of the axiom of choice, form a bicategory that is not a strict 2-category. Indeed, without the axiom of choice, the proper notion of bicategory is anabicategory.

• Rings, bimodules, and bimodule homomorphisms are the prototype for many similar examples. Notably, we can generalize from rings to enriched categories.

• Objects, spans, and morphisms of spans in any category with pullbacks also form a bicategory.

• The fundamental 2-groupoid of a space is a bicategory which is not necessarily strict (although it can be made strict fairly easily when the space is Hausdorff by quotienting by thin homotopy, see path groupoid and fundamental infinity-groupoid). When the space is a CW-complex, there are easier and more computationally amenable equivalent strict 2-categories, such as that arising from the fundamental crossed complex.

Coherence theorems

One way to state the coherence theorem for bicategories is that every bicategory is equivalent to a strict 2-category. This “rectification” is not obtained naively by forcing composition to be associative, but (at least in one construction) by freely adding new composites which are strictly associative. Another way to state the coherence theorem is that every formal diagram of the constraints (associators and unitors) commutes.

Note that n=2n=2 is the greatest value of nn for which every weak nn-category is equivalent to a fully strict one; see semi-strict infinity-category and Gray-category.

The proof of the coherence theorem is basically the same as the proof of the coherence theorem for monoidal categories. An abstract approach can be found in Power 1989. For a related statement see at Lack's coherence theorem.

The rectification adjunction between bicategories and strict 2-categories can be expressed in terms of a coreflective triadjunction? between tricategories; see Campbell.

\begin{tikzcd} {2\text{-}\mathrm{Cat}} & {\mathrm{Bicat}} \arrow[{name=0, anchor=center, inner sep=0}, {\mathrm{str}}, shift right=2, from=1-2, to=1-1] \arrow[{name=1, anchor=center, inner sep=0}, shift right=2, from=1-1, to=1-2] \arrow[\dashv{anchor=center, rotate=-90}, draw=none, from=0, to=1] \end{tikzcd}

Consequently, for any bicategory BB and 2-category AA:

2-Cat(strB,A)≃Bicat(B,A)2\text{-}\mathrm{Cat}(\mathrm{str} B, A) \simeq \mathrm{Bicat}(B, A)

Terminology

Classically, “2-category” meant strict 2-category, with “bicategory” used for the weak notion. This led to the more general use of the prefix “2-” for strict (that is, strictly Cat-enriched) notions and “bi-” for weak ones. For example, classically a “2-adjunction” means a Cat-enriched adjunction, consisting of two strict 2-functors F,GF,G and a strictly Cat-natural isomorphism of categories D(FX,Y)≅C(X,GY)D(F X, Y)\cong C(X, G Y), while a “biadjunction” means the weak version, consisting of two weak 2-functors and a pseudo natural equivalence D(FX,Y)≃C(X,GY)D(F X, Y)\simeq C(X, G Y). Similarly for “2-equivalence” and “biequivalence,” and “2-limit” and “bilimit.”

We often use “2-category” to mean a strict or weak 2-category without prejudice, although we do still use “bicategory” to refer to the particular classical algebraic notion of weak 2-category. We try to avoid the more general use of “bi-” meaning “weak,” however. For one thing, it is confusing; a “biproduct” could mean a weak 2-limit, but it could also mean an object which is both a product and a coproduct (which happens quite frequently in additive categories).

Moreover, in most cases the prefix is unnecessary, since once we know we are working in a bicategory, there is usually no point in considering strict notions at all. Fully weak limits are really the only sensible ones to ask for in a bicategory, and likewise for fully weak adjunctions and equivalences. Even in a strict 2-category, while we might need to say “strict” sometimes to be clear, we don't need to say “22-”, since we know that we are not working in a mere category. (Max Kelly pushed this point.)

When we do have a strict 2-category, however, other strict notions can be quite technically useful, even if our ultimate interest is in the weak ones. This is somewhat analogous to the use of strict structures to model weak ones in homotopy theory; see here and here for good introductions to this sort of thing.

• category

• bicategory

  (infinity,2)-category

• double bicategory (and at double category)

• tricategory

• tetracategory

• n-category

• (infinity,n)-category

• pseudofunctor

• locally univalent bicategory

• univalent bicategory

• monoidal bicategory

• closed bicategory

• initial object in a bicategory

• terminal object in a bicategory

• 2-Grothendieck construction

Discussion about the use of the term “weak enrichment” above is at weak enrichment.

References

See also the references at 2-category.

• Jean Bénabou, Introduction to Bicategories, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 47 Springer (1967), pp.1-77 (doi:10.1007/BFb0074299)

• A. John Power, A general coherence result. J. Pure Appl. Algebra 57 (1989), no. 2, 165–173. doi:10.1016/0022-4049(89)90113-8 MR0985657

• Saunders MacLane, §XII.6 of: Categories for the Working Mathematician, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 5 Springer (second ed. 1997) [[doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4721-8](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4757-4721-8)]

• Alexander Campbell, How strict is strictification?, arxiv

Formalization in homotopy type theory (see also at internal category in homotopy type theory):

• Benedikt Ahrens, Dan Frumin, Marco Maggesi, Niels van der Weide, Bicategories in Univalent Foundations (arXiv:1903.01152)