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jet bundle in nLab

Contents

Context

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Contents

Idea

A jet can be thought of as the infinitesimal germ of a section of some bundle or of a map between spaces. Jets are a coordinate free version of Taylor-polynomials and Taylor series.

Definition

Concrete

For

p≔E→X p \coloneqq E \to X

a surjective submersion of smooth manifolds and k∈ℕk \in \mathbb{N}, the bundle

J kP→X J^k P \to X

of order-kk jets of sections of pp is the bundle whose fiber over a point x∈Xx \in X is the space of equivalence classes of germs of sections of pp, where two germs are considered equivalent if their first kk partial derivatives at xx coincide.

In the case when pp is a trivial bundle p:X×Y→Xp:X\times Y \to X its sections are canonically in bijection with maps from XX to YY and two sections have the same partial derivatives iff the partial derivatives of the corresponding maps from XX to YY agree. So in this case the jet space J kPJ^k P is called the space of jets of maps from XX to YY and commonly denoted with J k(X,Y)J^k(X,Y).

In order to pass to k→∞k \to \infty to form the infinite jet bundle J ∞PJ^\infty P one forms the projective limit over the finite-order jet bundles,

J ∞E≔lim⟵ kJ kE=lim⟵(⋯J 3E→J 2E→J 1E→E) J^\infty E \coloneqq \underset{\longleftarrow}{\lim}_k J^k E = \underset{\longleftarrow}{\lim} \left( \cdots J^3 E \to J^2 E \to J^1 E \to E \right)

but one has to decide in which category of infinite-dimensional manifolds to take this limit:

  1. one may form the limit formally, i.e. in pro-manifolds. This is what is implicit for instance in Anderson, p.3-5;

  2. one may form the limit in Fréchet manifolds, this is farily explicit in (Saunders 89, chapter 7). See at Fréchet manifold – Projective limits of finite-dimensional manifolds. Beware that this is not equivalent to the pro-manifold structure (see the remark here). It makes sense to speak of locally pro-manifolds.

The Atiyah exact sequence

When (X,𝒪 X)(X,\mathcal{O}_X) is a complex-analytic manifold with the structure sheaf of holomorphic functions, and EE a locally free sheaf of 𝒪 X\mathcal{O}_X-modules, we can be even more explicit. The first jet bundle J 1(E)J^1(E) fits into a short exact sequence, called the Atiyah exact sequence:

0→E⊗ 𝒪 XΩ X 1→J 1(E)→E→0 0\to E\otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}\Omega_X^1\to J^1(E)\to E\to 0

where J 1(E)=(E⊗Ω X 1)⊕EJ^1(E) = (E\otimes\Omega_X^1)\oplus E as a ℂ\mathbb{C}-module, but with an 𝒪 X\mathcal{O}_X-action given by

f(s⊗ω,t)=(fs⊗ω+t⊗df,ft). f(s\otimes\omega,t) = (f s\otimes\omega+t\otimes\mathrm{d}f, f t).

The extension class [J 1(E)]∈Ext 𝒪 X 1(E,E⊗Ω X 1)[J^1(E)]\in\mathrm{Ext}_{\mathcal{O}_X}^1(E,E\otimes\Omega_X^1) of this exact sequence is called the Atiyah class of EE, and is somewhat equivalent to the first Chern class of EE. Note that the Atiyah class is exactly the obstruction to the Atiyah exact sequence admitting a splitting, and a (holomorphic) splitting of the Atiyah exact sequence is exactly a Koszul connection.

General abstract

We discuss a general abstract definition of jet bundles.

Let H\mathbf{H} be an (∞,1)-topos equipped with differential cohesion with infinitesimal shape modality ℑ\Im (or rather a tower ℑ k\Im_k of such, for each infinitesimal order k∈ℕ∪{∞}k \in \mathbb{N} \cup \{\infty\} ).

For X∈HX \in \mathbf{H}, write ℑ(X)\Im(X) for the corresponding de Rham space object.

Notice that we have the canonical morphism, the XX-component of the unit of the ℑ\Im-monad

i:X→ℑ(X) i \colon X \to \Im(X)

(“inclusion of constant paths into all infinitesimal paths”).

The corresponding base change geometric morphism is

(i *⊣i *):H /X⟶Jet:=i *⟵i *H /ℑ(X) (i^\ast \dashv i_\ast) \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \stackrel{\overset{i^*}{\longleftarrow}}{\underset{Jet := i_*}{\longrightarrow}} \mathbf{H}_{/\Im(X)}

Definition

The jet comonad is the (∞,1)-comonad

i *i *:H /X⟶H /X i^\ast i_\ast \;\colon\; \mathbf{H}_{/X} \longrightarrow \mathbf{H}_{/X}

In as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3) jet bundles are expressed dually in terms of algebras in D-modules. We now indicate how the translation works.

Definition

A quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaf on XX is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

X→Mod. X \to Mod \,.

We write

QC(X):=Hom(X,Mod) QC(X) := Hom(X, Mod)

for the stable (∞,1)-category of quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaves.

A D-module on XX is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves

ℑ(X)→Mod. \Im (X) \to Mod \,.

We write

DQC(X):=Hom(ℑ(X),Mod) DQC(X) := Hom(\Im (X), Mod)

for the stable (∞,1)-category of D-modules.

The Jet algebra functor is the left adjoint to the forgetful functor from commutative algebras over 𝒟(X)\mathcal{D}(X) to those over the structure sheaf 𝒪(X)\mathcal{O}(X)

(Jet⊣F):Alg 𝒟(X)→F←JetAlg 𝒪(X). (Jet \dashv F) : Alg_{\mathcal{D}(X)} \stackrel{\overset{Jet}{\leftarrow}}{\underset{F}{\to}} Alg_{\mathcal{O}(X)} \,.

Application

Typical Lagrangians in quantum field theory are defined on jet bundles. Their variational calculus is governed by Euler-Lagrange equations.

References

Jets were introduced by Charles Ehresmann in 1951 in a series of five short articles in Comptes Rendus:

  • Charles Ehresmann: Les prolongements d’une variété différentiable. I. Calcul des jets, prolongement principal., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 233 (1951), 598–600.

  • Charles Ehresmann: Les prolongements d’une variété différentiable. II. L’espace des jets d’ordre rr de V nV_n dans V mV_m, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 233 (1951), 777–779.

  • Charles Ehresmann: Les prolongements d’une variété différentiable. III. Transitivité des prolongements, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 233 (1951), 1081–1083.

  • Charles Ehresmann: Les prolongements d’une variété différentiable. IV. Éléments de contact et éléments d’enveloppe, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 234 (1952), 1028–1030.

  • Charles Ehresmann: Les prolongements d’une variété différentiable. V. Covariants différentiels et prolongements d’une structure infinitésimale, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 234 (1952), 1424–1425.

Exposition of variational calculus in terms of jet bundles and Lepage forms and aimed at examples from physics is in

Lecture notes and textbook accounts:

Early accounts include

  • Hubert Goldschmidt, Integrability criteria for systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 1, Number 3-4 (1967), 269-307 (Euclid)

The algebra of smooth functions of just locally finite order on the jet bundle (“locally pro-manifold”) was maybe first considered in

  • Floris Takens, A global version of the inverse problem of the calculus of variations, J. Differential Geom. Volume 14, Number 4 (1979), 543-562. (Euclid)

Discussion of the Fréchet manifold structure on infinite jet bundles includes

  • David Saunders, chapter 7 Infinite jet bundles of The geometry of jet bundles, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 142, Cambridge Univ. Press 1989.

  • M. Bauderon, Differential geometry and Lagrangian formalism in the calculus of variations, in Differential Geometry, Calculus of Variations, and their Applications, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100, Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y., 1985, pp. 67-82.

  • C. T. J. Dodson, George Galanis, Efstathios Vassiliou,, p. 109 and section 6.3 of Geometry in a Fréchet Context: A Projective Limit Approach, Cambridge University Press (2015)

  • Andrew Lewis, The bundle of infinite jets (2006) (pdf)

Discussion of finite-order jet bundles in tems of synthetic differential geometry is in

  • Anders Kock, Formal manifolds and synthetic theory of jet bundles, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques (1980) Volume: 21, Issue: 3 (Numdam)

  • Anders Kock, section 2.7 of Synthetic geometry of manifolds, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 180 (2010). (pdf)

The jet comonad structure on the jet operation in the context of differential geometry is made explicit in

  • Michal Marvan, A note on the category of partial differential equations, in Differential geometry and its applications, Proceedings of the Conference August 24-30, 1986, Brno (pdf)

    (notice that prop. 1.3 there is wrong, the correct version is in the thesis of the author)

with further developments in

In the context of algebraic geometry, the abstract characterization of jet bundles as the direct images of base change along the de Rham space projection is noticed in

  • Jacob Lurie, p. 6 of: Notes on crystals and algebraic 𝒟\mathcal{D}-modules (2010) [pdf]

The explicit description in terms of formal duals of commutative monoids in D-modules is in

Exposition:

A discussion of jet bundles with an eye towards discussion of the variational bicomplex on them :

The de Rham complex and variational bicomplex of jet bundles is discussed in

  • G. Giachetta, L. Mangiarotti, Gennadi Sardanashvily, Cohomology of the variational bicomplex on the infinite order jet space, Journal of Mathematical Physics 42, 4272-4282 (2001) (arXiv:math/0006074)

where both versions (smooth functions being globally or locally of finite order) are discussed and compared.

Discussion of all this in the convenient context of smooth sets:

Discussion of jet-restriction of the Haefliger groupoid is in

  • Arne Lorenz, Jet Groupoids, Natural Bundles and the Vessiot Equivalence Method, Thesis (pdf)

Discussion of jet bundles in supergeometry includes

  • Arthemy V. Kiselev, Andrey O. Krutov, appendix of On the (non)removability of spectral parameters in ℤ 2\mathbb{Z}_2-graded zero-curvature representations and its applications (arXiv:1301.7143)

  • Gennadi Sardanashvily, Graded infinite order jet manifolds, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. v.4 (2007) 1335-1362 (arXiv:0708.2434)

See also

On jet bundles of ℤ\mathbb{Z}-graded manifolds and their vector bundles:

On jet bundles in noncommutative geometry:

Last revised on February 19, 2025 at 03:47:36. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.