CN102009057A - A kind of domestic garbage processing method - Google Patents

本发明公开了一种生活垃圾处理方法，包括以下步骤：垃圾在常温常压下经破碎、发酵；然后经过筛分工序，粗筛筛上物中大件或大颗粒无机物，经过粉碎，制成城市煤炭材料；粗筛、中筛筛上物中的石头砖块经粉碎后制成路基材料或路面砖基材；中筛和细筛的筛上物及筛下物中的有机物或有机发酵物进行制肥，筛分后选出的磁性材料中有回收利用价值的直接销售，无回收利用价值的集中起来做无害化处理；经人工分捡的有回收利用价值的物品直接销售。以本发明的方法进行垃圾处理，建设投资少，运行成本低，操作简单、处理效果好、资源循环利用程度高，能广泛适用不同规模、不同垃圾品质的垃圾处理，且无二次污染。

The present invention discloses a method for treating domestic waste, comprising the following steps: the waste is crushed and fermented at normal temperature and pressure; then the waste is subjected to a screening process, and the large pieces or large particles of inorganic matter in the coarse screen are crushed to make urban coal materials; the stone bricks in the coarse screen and the medium screen are crushed to make roadbed materials or road brick substrates; the organic matter or organic fermentation in the screened matter and the screened matter of the medium screen and the fine screen is used to make fertilizer, and the magnetic materials selected after screening that have recycling value are directly sold, and those without recycling value are collected for harmless treatment; the items with recycling value that are manually sorted are directly sold. The method of the present invention is used for waste treatment, with low construction investment, low operating cost, simple operation, good treatment effect, high degree of resource recycling, and can be widely applied to waste treatment of different scales and different waste qualities, and there is no secondary pollution.

一种生活垃圾处理方法 A kind of domestic garbage processing method

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及一种垃圾处理方法。The invention relates to a garbage disposal method.

背景技术Background technique

由于国情和经济实力的限制，我国目前生活垃圾特别是城市垃圾的处理主要采用简单堆放、卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥法处理，这些处理方法各有所偿，但又都存在一些问题和不足，这制约着我国垃圾处理事业的发展。Due to the limitations of national conditions and economic strength, the current domestic waste, especially urban waste, is mainly treated by simple stacking, sanitary landfill, incineration and composting. These treatment methods have their own benefits, but they all have some problems and deficiencies. This restricts the development of waste disposal in my country.

堆放法就是把垃圾集中堆成垃圾山或自然填沟、填坑，是处理城市生活垃圾的一种最原始、最传统方法。该法虽然简单易行且投资节省，但是却占地面积大、污染严重。垃圾极易产生有毒液体，经过风化、淋溶，地表径流侵蚀土壤、污染大气和水体，不仅能毒死土壤中的微生物，而且也破坏土壤的腐解能力，使土壤失去第一生产力，严重破坏了土壤及地下水资源。The stacking method is to pile up garbage into a garbage mountain or naturally fill ditches and pits. It is the most primitive and traditional method of dealing with municipal solid waste. Although this method is simple and easy to implement and saves investment, it occupies a large area and causes serious pollution. Garbage is very easy to produce toxic liquids. After weathering, leaching, surface runoff erodes soil, pollutes air and water bodies, it can not only poison the microorganisms in the soil, but also destroy the decomposition ability of the soil, causing the soil to lose its primary productivity and seriously damage the environment. soil and groundwater resources.

卫生填埋作为城市生活垃圾处理的常用处理方式，关键是对渗沥液的高效处理和对填埋气体合理利用始终没有解决。由于卫生填埋场普遍存在着环保措施不齐全和场底防渗、渗沥水处理、覆盖等达不到国家制定标准的问题，结果使卫生填埋达不到“无害化”处理的要求，造成卫生填埋场不“卫生”。此方式存在的占地面积过大、投资和生产成本较高、生产过程管理要求严格、处理结果权宜性、容易形成二次污染及燃烧爆炸是其致命弱点，它需要付出水土恶化、国土侵占、资源浪费的沉重代价。焚烧法是将混装新鲜生活垃圾直接焚烧，利用热能发电。Sanitary landfill is a common treatment method for urban domestic waste. The key is the efficient treatment of leachate and the rational use of landfill gas. Due to the general problems of incomplete environmental protection measures in sanitary landfills and problems such as anti-seepage at the bottom of the site, seepage water treatment, and coverage that do not meet the standards set by the state, as a result, sanitary landfills cannot meet the requirements of "harmless" treatment. Causing sanitary landfills are not "hygienic". Excessive land occupation, high investment and production costs, strict production process management requirements, expedient processing results, easy formation of secondary pollution, and combustion and explosion are its Achilles' heels. The heavy price of wasted resources. The incineration method is to directly incinerate mixed fresh domestic garbage and use thermal energy to generate electricity.

垃圾焚烧技术是采用国外技术及设备而发展起来的，赖以存在的条件是生活垃圾的分类化，经济代价的最大化和建设规模的集约化，这种条件和要求在我国的一个相当长的时期内是难以达到的。在现有垃圾组分和经济水平下采取这种方式的必然结果是，不可避免地产生二恶英等大量有害气体和有害烧结渣等二次污染物，将垃圾这一种污染转化为另一种更为严重、更为广泛的污染。因其投资和运营成本过高、热能利用率太低、易于形成二次污染，使绝大部分城市不敢问津。Waste incineration technology is developed by adopting foreign technology and equipment. The conditions for its existence are the classification of domestic waste, the maximization of economic costs and the intensification of construction scale. It is difficult to achieve in this period. The inevitable result of adopting this method under the existing garbage composition and economic level is that it will inevitably produce a large amount of harmful gases such as dioxins and secondary pollutants such as harmful sintering slag, and transform one pollution of garbage into another. A more serious and widespread pollution. Because of its high investment and operating costs, low thermal energy utilization rate, and easy to cause secondary pollution, most cities dare not care about it.

堆肥法是依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌、放线菌、真菌等微生物，在一定的人工条件下促进可被生物降解的有机物向稳定的腐殖质转化的生物化学过程。此方法的方向是正确的，并且操作简便、投资和运行成本相对较低。但传统堆肥存在的突出问题是：工艺技术落后、工艺路线重复烦琐、生产周期太长、占地面积过大、发酵质量不稳，肥料里还有玻璃铁丁等物处理不妥，严重影响肥料使用效果，由此造成投资及生产成本偏大、产品销售不畅、土地浪费严重。Composting is a biochemical process that relies on microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi widely distributed in nature to promote the transformation of biodegradable organic matter into stable humus under certain artificial conditions. This approach is in the right direction and is simple to operate with relatively low investment and operating costs. However, the outstanding problems of traditional composting are: backward process technology, repetitive and cumbersome process routes, too long production cycle, too large floor area, unstable fermentation quality, and improper disposal of glass iron in the fertilizer, which seriously affects the fertilizer. Use effect, thus cause investment and production cost on the high side, product sales are not smooth, and land waste is serious.

上述不同的垃圾处理方法存在各种不同的缺点。为了克服上述缺点，本领域技术人员发明了更先进、有效、环保的处理方法。2008年10月1日公开号为101274331的中国专利公开了一种生活垃圾处理方法，包括如下步骤处理：分选、有机物高温高压水解水热氧化、有机物制肥、不可回收类可燃物制燃料块、无机物制建材、塑料制粒、可回收物再生利用、废气处理、污水处理、热力供给等工艺过程，该发明具有占用土地面积小、处理时间短、避免污染、运行费用低、有效处理有害气体、所产产品质量高、环保高效的优点。但这种处理方法中的分选采用全封闭、机械化、无人工分选系统，且在分选不分层级，分选效果不好，直接影响后工序分类处理效果及不同类别的垃圾制成的成品的质量。该发明还采用了高温高压水解水热氧化系统对垃圾中的有机物进行降解，工艺较复杂，设备要求高，工艺条件控制难度大。There are various disadvantages of the different waste disposal methods described above. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, those skilled in the art have invented more advanced, effective and environmentally friendly treatment methods. A Chinese patent with publication number 101274331 published on October 1, 2008 discloses a domestic waste treatment method, which includes the following steps: sorting, high-temperature and high-pressure hydrolysis of organic matter, thermal oxidation of water, organic fertilizer production, and fuel block production from non-recyclable combustibles , Inorganic building materials, plastic granulation, recycling of recyclables, waste gas treatment, sewage treatment, heat supply and other processes, the invention has the advantages of small land occupation, short processing time, pollution avoidance, low operating costs, and effective treatment of harmful The advantages of gas, high-quality products, environmental protection and high efficiency. However, the sorting in this treatment method adopts a fully closed, mechanized, and no manual sorting system, and the sorting is not hierarchical, and the sorting effect is not good, which directly affects the sorting effect of the post-process and the production of different types of garbage. the quality of the finished product. The invention also uses a high-temperature and high-pressure hydrolysis hydrothermal oxidation system to degrade organic matter in garbage. The process is relatively complicated, the equipment requirements are high, and the control of process conditions is difficult.

1998年4月1日公开号为1177525的中国发明专利公开了一种系集堆肥、焚烧、填埋于一体的城市有机垃圾系统处理工艺，通过分选，堆肥发酵，有机垃圾粉生产，复合肥生产和焚烧，无机垃圾填埋或制建材等过程，将进场垃圾全部消纳。但该发明采用的好氧发酵技术要在半密封式的发酵仓中进行，且采用水力喷射真空抽气法进行好氧发酵，这对场地及设备的要求都较高，投资建设费用较高，运行成本也较高。且该处理过程中还包括有焚烧程序，会产生一定的污染。另外，该处理方法只适用于有机垃圾的处理，无法对混装的垃圾进行处理，应用不广泛。The Chinese invention patent with the publication number of 1177525 on April 1, 1998 discloses a systemic treatment process for urban organic waste that integrates composting, incineration, and landfill. Through sorting, composting fermentation, organic waste powder production, and compound fertilizer During the process of production and incineration, inorganic waste landfill or building materials production, all incoming waste will be eliminated. However, the aerobic fermentation technology adopted in this invention should be carried out in a semi-sealed fermentation bin, and the aerobic fermentation is carried out by using the hydraulic jet vacuum pumping method, which requires relatively high requirements for the site and equipment, and the investment and construction costs are relatively high. Operating costs are also higher. Moreover, the treatment process also includes incineration procedures, which will produce certain pollution. In addition, this treatment method is only suitable for the treatment of organic waste, and cannot treat mixed waste, so it is not widely used.

发明内容Contents of the invention

本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中各种垃圾处理方法的局限和缺陷，根据我国的垃圾以混装为主的实际状况提供一种建设投资少，运行成本低，操作简单、处理效果好、资源循环利用程度高，能广泛适用不同规模、不同垃圾品质的垃圾处理，且无二次污染的垃圾处理方法。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the limitations and defects of various garbage disposal methods in the prior art, and provide a kind of garbage treatment method with less construction investment, low operating cost, simple operation and good treatment effect according to the actual situation that the garbage in our country is mainly mixed. The degree of recycling of resources is high, and it can be widely applied to waste treatment of different scales and waste qualities, and it is a waste treatment method without secondary pollution.

本发明的目的是这样实现的：The purpose of the present invention is achieved like this:

本发明的生活垃圾处理方法，包括以下步骤：The domestic waste disposal method of the present invention comprises the following steps:

a、垃圾在常温常压下经破碎、发酵；然后，a. Garbage is crushed and fermented under normal temperature and pressure; then,

b、经过筛分工序，方式有重力选、磁选、人工分选，重力选又包括粗筛、中筛和细筛，得到粗筛、中筛和细筛的筛上物和筛下物，经筛分后从混装垃圾中分离出有机物、无机物、磁性材料、有机发酵物；然后，b. After the sieving process, the methods include gravity separation, magnetic separation, and manual separation. Gravity separation includes coarse sieve, middle sieve and fine sieve to obtain the oversize and undersize of the coarse sieve, middle sieve and fine sieve, After sieving, organic matter, inorganic matter, magnetic materials, and organic fermented matter are separated from mixed garbage; then,

c、粗筛筛上物中大件或大颗粒无机物，经过粉碎，制成城市煤炭材料；粗筛、中筛筛上物中的石头砖块经粉碎后制成路基材料或路面砖基材。c. Large pieces or large particles of inorganic matter in the coarse sieve are crushed to make urban coal materials; stone bricks in the coarse sieve and middle sieve are crushed to make roadbed materials or pavement brick base materials .

d、中筛和细筛的筛上物及筛下物中的有机物或有机发酵物进行制肥。d. The organic matter or organic fermented matter in the sieve of the medium sieve and the fine sieve and the sieve of the sieve are used for fertilizer making.

e、筛分后选出的磁性材料中有回收利用价值的直接销售，无回收利用价值的集中起来做无害化处理；e. Among the magnetic materials selected after screening, those with recycling value are sold directly, and those without recycling value are collected for harmless treatment;

f、经人工分捡的有回收利用价值的物品直接销售。f. Items with recycling value that have been manually sorted are sold directly.

作为本发明的进一步改进，中筛和细筛的筛上物中的有机物或有机发酵物与中筛和细筛的筛下物的有机发酵物采用不同的制肥工序。因为中筛和细筛的筛上物中的有机物或有机发酵物主要由难发酵的有机物、发酵不彻底或颗粒稍大的有机发酵物(相对中筛和细筛的筛下物)以及一些尘土组成，其有机物成分不纯，不适合制造精细有机肥，其制肥过程包括：粉碎，二次发酵，重金属物质的检测，根据检测结果决定制肥配比使用量，进行定量及搅拌混合，再经过制肥系统出成品。As a further improvement of the present invention, the organic matter or organic fermented product in the oversize of the middle sieve and fine sieve and the organic fermented product of the undersize of the middle sieve and fine sieve adopt different fertilizer making procedures. Because the organic matter or organic fermented matter in the sieve of the middle sieve and fine sieve is mainly composed of difficult-to-ferment organic matter, organic fermented matter with incomplete fermentation or slightly larger particles (compared to the sieved matter of the middle sieve and fine sieve) and some dust Composition, its organic components are not pure, so it is not suitable for making fine organic fertilizer. The fertilizer making process includes: crushing, secondary fermentation, detection of heavy metal substances, determining the proportion and usage of fertilizer according to the test results, quantifying and mixing, and then Finished products are produced through the fertilizer system.

由于中筛和细筛的筛下物基本上是有机发酵物，且颗粒很小，经深加工后可制成高品质的有机肥，其制肥过程为：二次发酵、重金属物质的检测，根据检测结果决定制肥配比使用量，磨粉，添加养分，搅拌混合，造粒，烘干，冷却，粒度分级，制成有机复合肥成品。Since the sieves of the medium sieve and fine sieve are basically organic fermented products, and the particles are very small, they can be made into high-quality organic fertilizer after deep processing. The fertilizer making process is: secondary fermentation, detection of heavy metal substances, according to The test results determine the proportion and usage of fertilizer, milling, adding nutrients, stirring and mixing, granulation, drying, cooling, particle size classification, and making organic compound fertilizer products.

作为本发明的进一步改进，为了提高回收率，增加了对次品回收的环节，即在上述过程的粒度分级工序，所得到的少量次品经粉碎后循环进入添加养分工序及以后的工序，完成制肥。As a further improvement of the present invention, in order to improve the recovery rate, a link to the recovery of defective products is added, that is, in the particle size classification process of the above process, a small amount of defective products obtained are recycled into the nutrient addition process and subsequent processes after being pulverized, and the process is completed. Manure.

作为本发明的进一步改进，磁选设置在粗筛、中筛后所得的筛上物和筛下物处以及细筛筛下物处。人工分检设置在粗筛后所得的筛上物和筛下物处。这样使筛分的效率高，效果好，流水线筛分，无需交叉、重复分选，节省人力，筛分设备及人员分布合理、紧凑，节省占地面积。As a further improvement of the present invention, the magnetic separation is arranged at the oversize and undersize of the coarse sieve, the middle sieve and the undersize of the fine sieve. Manual sorting is set at the oversize and undersize obtained after coarse screening. In this way, the screening efficiency is high, the effect is good, and the assembly line screening does not need to cross and repeat sorting, which saves manpower, and the screening equipment and personnel are distributed reasonably and compactly, saving the floor space.

作为本发明的进一步改进，对新鲜垃圾的开袋破碎和除臭、喷酒生物菌种及发酵同时进行，以提高处理效率。As a further improvement of the present invention, bag opening and crushing of fresh garbage, deodorization, wine spraying of biological strains and fermentation are carried out simultaneously to improve treatment efficiency.

城市煤炭材料的制作方法可采用液压法。作为本发明的进一步改进，城市煤炭材料的制作方法包括：加入添加剂、粘接剂、阻燃剂，然后通过液压成型，脱膜，养护。这种方法可进一步提高城市煤炭材料的燃值。The production method of city coal material can adopt hydraulic method. As a further improvement of the present invention, the production method of the urban coal material includes: adding additives, adhesives, and flame retardants, and then hydraulically forming, stripping, and curing. This method can further increase the combustion value of urban coal materials.

本发明的有益效果是：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

一、本发明打破了传统的思维和运行方式，采用敞开式好氧发酵和分段筛分工艺，既节约了场地、降低了动力和人工消耗，减少了投资成本、又提高了发酵效果和筛分质量。1. The present invention breaks the traditional way of thinking and operation, and adopts open aerobic fermentation and segmental screening process, which not only saves space, reduces power and labor consumption, reduces investment cost, but also improves fermentation effect and screening process. Sub-quality.

二、本发明实现了无害化处理的目的。整个处理系统发酵过程无渗沥水产生，无污水渗透及外排的污染；对发酵物通过发酵和制肥两个环节的高温过程，达到了灭菌目的，所生产的生物肥料完全可以达到国家标准；无机物通过高温发酵筛分出来后，在无害化基础上生产城市煤炭。Two, the present invention has realized the purpose of harmless treatment. The fermentation process of the whole treatment system has no leachate water, no sewage penetration and effluent pollution; the fermented product passes through the high-temperature process of fermentation and fertilizer making to achieve the purpose of sterilization, and the biological fertilizer produced can fully meet the national standard ; After the inorganic matter is screened out through high-temperature fermentation, urban coal is produced on the basis of harmlessness.

三、本发明实现了资源循环利用的目的。采用该方法对生活垃圾进行分类处理后，将其分为有机物、无机物、磁性材料、有机发酵物四类。对于有机物及有机发酵物，由于该方法使用了菌种及除臭技术，采用生物技术制造成生物有机复合肥或生物有机肥，或作为土壤调节剂出售给花农、菜农，果农，用于花卉.粮食、水果、蔬菜生产，使生活垃圾达到了资源循环利用。对于无机物，通过高温发酵筛分出来后，经粉碎后可以在无害化基础上生产城市煤炭，实现重复利用；磁性材料作为再生资源出售。通过这样的综合处理后，生活垃圾可实现95％左右的资源循环利用。3. The present invention realizes the purpose of resource recycling. After using the method to classify domestic garbage, it is divided into four categories: organic matter, inorganic matter, magnetic material, and organic fermented matter. For organic matter and organic fermented matter, because the method uses bacteria and deodorization technology, it can be made into bio-organic compound fertilizer or bio-organic fertilizer by biotechnology, or sold as soil conditioner to flower farmers, vegetable farmers, fruit farmers, and used for flowers. The production of grain, fruit, and vegetables has enabled domestic garbage to achieve resource recycling. For inorganic substances, after being sieved through high-temperature fermentation, urban coal can be produced on a harmless basis after being crushed, and reused; magnetic materials are sold as renewable resources. After such comprehensive treatment, about 95% of domestic waste can be recycled as resources.

四、该方法可根据各城市经济水平、垃圾成分和对垃圾处理结果的不同要求，设计建设不同规模的垃圾处理方案，并提供相应的工艺、成套设备和技术保障，极大地满足大、中、小城市的不同需求。4. This method can design and construct waste disposal schemes of different scales according to the economic level of each city, waste composition and different requirements for waste treatment results, and provide corresponding processes, complete sets of equipment and technical support, which can greatly meet the needs of large, medium and large Different needs of small cities.

五、本发明由于可实现95％左右的资源循环利用，有效地防止了二次污染。5. The present invention effectively prevents secondary pollution because it can realize resource recycling of about 95%.

附图说明Description of drawings

下面结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明。The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

图1为1000吨/日生活垃圾处理工艺流程图。Figure 1 is a flow chart of the 1000 tons/day domestic waste treatment process.

具体实施方式Detailed ways

本发明实现建设投资少，运行成本低的保证体现在工艺设计方面，包括三个不重复、不交叉、相互独立而又互相流水线连接的组成部分：发酵车间、筛分车间、深加工车间。这种不交叉、不重复和流水线连接，杜绝了重复建设、减小了建设面积，避免了重复劳动，也就节约了建设投资和运行费用中的人力和动力消耗。本工艺采用敞开式好氧发酵，发酵阶段的厂房要求较低，对筛分车间及深加工厂房也无特殊要求，发酵、筛分部分可做成简易钢结构厂房，节约了建设投资。The present invention realizes low construction investment and low operating costs in terms of process design, including three non-repetitive, non-intersecting, mutually independent and mutually connected components: a fermentation workshop, a screening workshop, and a deep processing workshop. This non-intersection, non-repetition and assembly line connection eliminates redundant construction, reduces construction area, avoids duplication of labor, and saves manpower and power consumption in construction investment and operating costs. This process adopts open aerobic fermentation, and the requirements for the workshop in the fermentation stage are low, and there are no special requirements for the screening workshop and deep processing workshop. The fermentation and screening parts can be made into simple steel structure workshops, which saves construction investment.

本发明的无害化保证体现在对有毒有害物质的消除，本发明采用敞开式好氧发酵方式，保证无渗滤液产生；有害细菌通过发酵(84℃)、制肥预烘干(380℃)、颗粒肥烘干(280℃)三个环节予以杀灭；放射性物质，如电池，在筛分中以强力磁选辅以个别人工分拣方法解决。The harmless guarantee of the present invention is reflected in the elimination of toxic and harmful substances. The present invention adopts an open aerobic fermentation method to ensure that no leachate is produced; harmful bacteria are fermented (84°C) and fertilizer pre-dried (380°C) 1. Granular fertilizer drying (280 ℃) to kill three links; radioactive substances, such as batteries, are resolved by strong magnetic separation and individual manual sorting methods in the screening.

本发明的资源循环利用的保证体现在对经过发酵筛分后的三种主要物质采用如下处理方法：The guarantee of resource recycling of the present invention is reflected in adopting the following treatment methods to the three main substances after fermentation and screening:

1、中细筛下的发酵物经再次破碎加工及二次发酵后，进入肥料车间，烘干和研磨加工，配以符合含量要求的氮、磷、钾等制成颗粒有机生物肥出售，或以土壤调节剂出售。1. The fermented product under the medium and fine sieve is crushed and processed again and fermented for the second time, and then enters the fertilizer workshop, dried and ground for processing, and is mixed with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. that meet the content requirements to make granular organic biological fertilizer for sale, or Sold as a soil conditioner.

2、粗筛下的废旧塑料、衣服等经破碎加工后，可做成城市煤炭，经锅炉燃烧可为制肥车间提供热源，也可直接出售，达到再生利用。2. The waste plastics and clothes under the coarse sieve can be made into urban coal after being crushed and processed, which can provide heat source for the fertilizer workshop after being burned in the boiler, and can also be sold directly to achieve recycling.

3、磁性材料中电池集中存放，送工业垃圾填埋场处理。其他废金属可直接出售。3. The batteries in the magnetic materials are stored in a centralized manner and sent to industrial waste landfills for disposal. Other scrap metals can be sold directly.

针对我国垃圾以混装为主的特点，本发明中主要通过以下几方面的技术方案来实现其目的，它们主要是：According to the characteristics that my country's garbage is mainly mixed, in the present invention, it mainly realizes its purpose through the technical solutions of the following aspects, which mainly include:

1、生活垃圾生化处理发酵的技术。1. Biochemical treatment and fermentation technology of domestic waste.

针对我国垃圾以混装为主的特点，对生活垃圾进行破碎、混合、松散和通气，同时均匀喷入好氧菌种，对垃圾进行最大化的减量及敞开式生物好氧发酵，达到无害化、减量化的要求。In view of the characteristics of my country's garbage that is mainly mixed, the domestic garbage is crushed, mixed, loosened and ventilated, and aerobic bacteria are evenly sprayed at the same time to maximize the reduction of garbage and open biological aerobic fermentation to achieve zero waste. Hazardization and reduction requirements.

好氧发酵具有发酵温度高、基质分解彻底、发酵周期短、异味小等优点。同时，由于采取的是敞开式高温发酵，在发酵过程中挥发了大量水分，使重量大大减轻，含水量大大降低，为保证筛分质量和筛分效率作了充分准备。Aerobic fermentation has the advantages of high fermentation temperature, thorough substrate decomposition, short fermentation cycle, and low odor. At the same time, due to the open-type high-temperature fermentation, a large amount of water is volatilized during the fermentation process, which greatly reduces the weight and water content, which is fully prepared to ensure the screening quality and screening efficiency.

2、生活垃圾分选技术。2. Domestic garbage sorting technology.

针对我国垃圾成份复杂而不稳定的状况，采用以机械化、流水线分选为主、辅之以极少量人工分选的双保险筛分分类方案，确保筛分效果。In view of the complex and unstable situation of the garbage composition in our country, a dual-safety screening and classification scheme with mechanized and assembly line sorting as the mainstay, supplemented by a very small amount of manual sorting, is adopted to ensure the screening effect.

3、磁性材料处理技术。3. Magnetic material processing technology.

这类物质主要是可资源化利用的各种金属和无利用价值的电池等重金属物质。可利用金属集中出售；重金属物质集中收集处理。Such substances are mainly various metals that can be utilized as resources and heavy metal substances such as batteries that have no utility value. Available metals are sold in a centralized manner; heavy metals are collected and processed in a centralized manner.

4、有机发酵物处理技术。4. Organic fermented product processing technology.

有机发酵物经高温生物发酵过程，已达无害化的要求，可作为有机复合肥的基料，生产加工成生物复合肥；也可直接出售给农民作土壤调节剂；还可作生产模压砖和黏土砖的原料。本设计根据当地实际情况，将其生产成生物复合肥，用于花卉、蔬菜、水果和粮食生产、这样可以解决当地土壤中有机质贫乏的问题，改善土壤结构，大幅度的培肥地力，提高农作物的产量、特别是提升水果、蔬菜的品质，进一步推动当地农村经济和农业产业化的发展。The organic fermented product has passed the high-temperature biological fermentation process and has reached the requirement of harmlessness. It can be used as the base material of organic compound fertilizer, produced and processed into biological compound fertilizer; it can also be sold directly to farmers as a soil conditioner; it can also be used for the production of molded bricks and raw materials for clay bricks. According to the local actual conditions, this design will produce bio-composite fertilizer for the production of flowers, vegetables, fruits and grains. This can solve the problem of poor organic matter in the local soil, improve the soil structure, greatly improve the fertility of the soil, and improve the quality of crops. The output, especially the improvement of the quality of fruits and vegetables, will further promote the development of the local rural economy and agricultural industrialization.

下面结合实施例对本发明进行具体的说明。该实施例为1000吨/日生活垃圾处理方法，工艺流程及具体操作如下：The present invention will be specifically described below in conjunction with examples. This embodiment is 1000 tons/day domestic waste processing method, technological process and concrete operation are as follows:

新鲜垃圾进场后摆成垃圾条堆，每堆均摆放成底宽约2.5m，高约1.5m，顶宽约1m的条形堆，条与条之间的空间宽为2.5m，可供机动设备行走。After the fresh garbage enters the site, it is placed into piles of garbage strips. Each pile is placed in a strip-shaped pile with a bottom width of about 2.5m, a height of about 1.5m, and a top width of about 1m. The space between the strips is 2.5m wide. For motorized equipment to travel.

用破碎车进行破碎，将用来装垃圾的胶袋或其它包装物与垃圾分离开来，使垃圾完全暴露于外，便于垃圾的发酵。然后喷洒除臭剂及菌种进行除臭和发酵，该除臭剂及菌种为本领域技术人员所公知，为常规的除臭剂及有机物发酵菌种。菌种与水按1∶1000的配比(因季节和气候不同而变化)，每条垃圾堆约喷洒配比菌种2000kg(包括除臭剂)。根据新鲜垃圾的升温过程，发酵过程可分为三个阶段，即起始阶段、高温阶段和熟化阶段。Use a crushing truck to separate the plastic bags or other packages used to hold the garbage from the garbage, so that the garbage is completely exposed to the outside and facilitates the fermentation of the garbage. Then spray deodorant and bacterial classification to carry out deodorization and fermentation, and this deodorant and bacterial classification are well known to those skilled in the art, and are conventional deodorant and organic matter fermentation bacterial classification. The ratio of strains to water is 1:1000 (varies with seasons and climates), and about 2000kg of strains (including deodorant) is sprayed on each garbage pile. According to the heating process of fresh garbage, the fermentation process can be divided into three stages, namely the initial stage, high temperature stage and ripening stage.

起始阶段：温度大约与室外温度均衡，嗜温细菌、放线菌、酵母菌、和真菌分解有机物中易降解的葡萄糖、脂肪和碳水化合物，分解所产生的热量促使条形堆物料温度上升。当温度升到50-60℃时，则进入垃圾发酵过程的第二阶段——高温阶段。此时，垃圾起始阶段的微生物会自然死亡，取而代之的是一系列嗜热菌，它的生长所产生的热量又进一步使条形堆垃圾温度上升到72℃以上。在温度为60-78℃的垃圾中，除一些孢子菌外，所有的病原微生物都会在几小时内死亡。当有机物基本降解完时，嗜热菌就会由于缺乏适当的养料而停止生长，产热也随之停止，而条形堆垃圾温度就会由于散热而逐渐下降。此时，垃圾发酵过程就进入第三阶段——熟化阶段。Initial stage: The temperature is approximately equal to the outdoor temperature. Mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and fungi decompose easily degradable glucose, fat, and carbohydrates in organic matter, and the heat generated by the decomposition promotes the temperature rise of the strip pile material. When the temperature rises to 50-60°C, it enters the second stage of the garbage fermentation process - the high temperature stage. At this time, the microorganisms in the initial stage of garbage will die naturally, replaced by a series of thermophilic bacteria, and the heat generated by their growth will further increase the temperature of the strip pile garbage to above 72°C. In garbage at a temperature of 60-78°C, all pathogenic microorganisms will die within a few hours except for some spores. When the organic matter is basically degraded, the thermophilic bacteria will stop growing due to lack of proper nutrients, and the heat production will also stop, and the temperature of the strip pile garbage will gradually decrease due to heat dissipation. At this point, the garbage fermentation process enters the third stage - the ripening stage.

在冷却后的垃圾中，一系列新的微生物(主要是真菌和放线菌)，将借助于残余有机物(包括死掉的细菌残体)而生长，最终完成发酵过程。因此，可以认为发酵过程就是细菌生长、死亡的过程；也是垃圾温度上升和下降的动态过程。在常温下生活垃圾经菌种发酵30个小时后，垃圾堆内部温度可升至40-45℃，甚至更高，48小时以后可升至55-60℃以上，升温到65度左右需进行第二次翻凉以满足好氧发酵对氧气的需要，再经过48小时后再翻凉一次。(北方地区根据天气情况发酵时间需延长)。In the cooled garbage, a series of new microorganisms (mainly fungi and actinomycetes) will grow with the help of residual organic matter (including dead bacterial residues), and finally complete the fermentation process. Therefore, it can be considered that the fermentation process is the process of bacterial growth and death; it is also a dynamic process in which the temperature of garbage rises and falls. After domestic waste is fermented by strains for 30 hours at room temperature, the internal temperature of the garbage heap can rise to 40-45°C or even higher, and after 48 hours it can rise to above 55-60°C. When the temperature rises to about 65°C, the first step is required. Cooling for the second time to meet the oxygen needs of aerobic fermentation, and then cooling again after 48 hours. (The fermentation time in the northern region needs to be extended according to the weather conditions).

此时垃圾的体积约缩为原体积的60％，从第一次破碎算起4天后，用装载设备将50-200M长的垃圾两堆合并成一堆(根据场地或处理规模确定该长度)，形成新的条行堆，新的条行堆再翻凉1～2次(以垃圾的湿度和温度为准)，使好氧发酵进行到底。垃圾堆的湿度随着发酵过程逐步降低，经过几次翻凉后，随着温度的下降，其湿度由原来的大约35～65％降为25～35％左右。然后用铲车将处理好的垃圾堆放到下一个待筛分工位。At this time, the volume of the garbage is reduced to about 60% of the original volume. After 4 days from the first crushing, the 50-200M long garbage piles are combined into one pile with the loading equipment (the length is determined according to the site or the scale of treatment). Form a new row pile, and turn the new row pile for 1 to 2 times (according to the humidity and temperature of the garbage), so that the aerobic fermentation can be carried out to the end. The humidity of the garbage heap gradually decreases along with the fermentation process. After several times of cooling, the humidity drops from about 35% to 65% to about 25% to 35% as the temperature drops. Then use a forklift to stack the processed garbage to the next station to be screened.

第一天进场的垃圾约6-10天后可送入筛分准备工位(根据垃圾的品质，堆积的体积而定)，新鲜垃圾随时补充空位，形成循环往复，流水化作业。The garbage that enters the site on the first day can be sent to the screening preparation station after about 6-10 days (depending on the quality of the garbage and the volume of accumulation), and the fresh garbage can fill the vacancy at any time, forming a reciprocating, streamlined operation.

然后进入筛分车间，进行筛分。Then enter the screening workshop for screening.

发酵后的生活垃圾经粗筛、中筛、细筛等一系列的筛选、磁选(利用物体自重、磁力作用原理)以及人工分选后，从混装垃圾中分离出塑料、电池、颗粒无机物和有机发酵物等，进入下一个环节进行资源化再利用。The fermented household waste is subjected to a series of screening such as coarse sieve, medium sieve and fine sieve, magnetic separation (using the principle of object weight and magnetic force) and manual sorting to separate plastics, batteries, granular inorganic materials from mixed garbage. and organic fermented products, etc., enter the next link for resource reuse.

其中，粗筛筛上物经过重力及磁选后，所选出的布条及塑料大颗粒无机物等，以及经制肥车间产生的大颗粒无机物，经过破碎机粉碎，进入配料仓，加入添加剂、粘接剂、阻燃剂，然后通过液压成型，脱膜，养护，成为城市煤炭材料。该城市煤炭材料经锅炉燃烧可为制肥车间提供热源，也可直接出售。Among them, after the coarse sieve is separated by gravity and magnetic, the selected cloth strips and plastic large-grained inorganic substances, as well as the large-grained inorganic substances produced by the fertilizer workshop, are crushed by the crusher and enter the batching bin. Additives, adhesives, and flame retardants are then hydroformed, stripped, and cured to become urban coal materials. The city's coal materials can provide heat source for the fertilizer workshop through boiler combustion, and can also be sold directly.

粗筛筛上物中大型的石头砖块经粉碎后，与水泥和固化剂混合，经压制，成为路基材料或路面砖基材。The large stone bricks in the coarse sieve are crushed, mixed with cement and curing agent, and pressed to become roadbed materials or pavement brick base materials.

中筛筛上物经磁选及重物分选后，筛下物经破碎机破碎可做有机肥基础肥料，筛上物可和粗筛中的石块一起粉碎做路基材料及路面砖基材。After the material on the middle sieve is magnetically separated and sorted by heavy objects, the material under the sieve is crushed by a crusher and can be used as a basic fertilizer for organic fertilizers. .

细筛筛上物及筛下物为有机发酵物，可以全部做有机肥资材。The fine sieve and the sieve are organic fermented products, which can be used as organic fertilizer materials.

磁选选出的铁块、铁丝等有利用价值的物品直接销售，而人工分捡的橡胶等有利用价值的物品也进行集中回收销售；而经过强力磁选后所选出来的电池及其它无回收利用价值的磁性物品也进行集中回收，按国家规定要求做无害化处理。The valuable items such as iron blocks and iron wires selected by magnetic separation are directly sold, and the valuable items such as rubber sorted by hand are also recycled and sold in a centralized way; while the batteries and other useless items selected after strong magnetic separation Magnetic items with recycling value are also collected in a centralized way, and are treated in a harmless manner according to national regulations.

经粉碎后的中、细筛筛上物进入制肥车间进行二次发酵，并进行重金属等物质的检测，根据检测结果决定制肥配比使用量，进行定量及搅拌再经过制肥系统出成品进行包装及产品的销售。After crushing, the medium and fine sieves enter the fertilizer workshop for secondary fermentation, and detect heavy metals and other substances. According to the test results, the fertilizer ratio is determined, quantified and stirred, and then the finished product is produced through the fertilizer system. Carry out packaging and sales of products.

细筛筛下物的物料则直接进入二次好氧发酵15天后，降温到20度以下，湿度低于25度，并进行重金属等物质的检测，根据检测结果决定制肥配比使用量，进入有机肥生产线，按不同的肥料需求添加总养分，然后通过搅拌及自动定量给料系统添加养分，主要有氮、钾、磷等，进行搅拌与混合再进行造粒。然后经过干燥系统干燥(干燥温度控制在380℃左右)和冷却系统冷却，不同的粒度进行分级后，所得成品进行计量及打包，成为商品有机复合肥。所得次品回收及粉碎再添加养分，再造粒至制成成品。The material under the fine sieve will directly enter the secondary aerobic fermentation for 15 days, then cool down to below 20 degrees, and the humidity will be lower than 25 degrees, and the detection of heavy metals and other substances will be carried out. The organic fertilizer production line adds total nutrients according to different fertilizer requirements, and then adds nutrients through stirring and automatic quantitative feeding system, mainly including nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, etc., and then granulates after stirring and mixing. Then it is dried by the drying system (the drying temperature is controlled at about 380°C) and cooled by the cooling system. After classification of different particle sizes, the finished product is measured and packaged to become a commercial organic compound fertilizer. The obtained defective products are recycled and crushed, then added nutrients, and then granulated to make finished products.

上述处理系统的给排水设计为垃圾处理厂生活用水直接接自来水，生产用水采用自备井供水。厂区无垃圾的渗滤液污水产生和排放，自然降水的排放采用在厂区主干管设有排水管(沟)的方法，随主干道排至厂外排水沟。生活污水经环保处理后达到中水回用标准，用于清洗地面及厂区绿化用，使之达到生态循环。The water supply and drainage of the above-mentioned treatment system is designed such that the domestic water of the waste treatment plant is directly connected to tap water, and the production water is supplied by self-provided wells. The leachate sewage without rubbish in the plant area is generated and discharged, and the natural precipitation is discharged by installing a drainage pipe (ditch) in the main pipe of the plant area, and is discharged to the drainage ditch outside the plant along the main road. The domestic sewage meets the reclaimed water reuse standard after environmental protection treatment, and is used for cleaning the ground and greening the factory area, so as to achieve an ecological cycle.

上述实施例中的对新鲜垃圾的开袋破碎、发酵、筛分等工序均可采用现有技术，没有特别限制。其中开袋破碎可以使用机械，也可以使用人工方法，优选机械方法。喷洒除臭剂和菌种可以使用机械方式，也可以使用人工方法，优选机械方式、为了提高效率，可在开袋破碎后立即喷洒除臭剂和菌种，具体地可以将破碎设备及喷淋设备装载于同一部设备中，使破碎、发酵同时进行，以实现破碎发酵间隔时间短，提高效率的目的。The process of bag opening and crushing, fermenting, screening and other processes of fresh garbage in the above embodiments can all adopt the existing technology, and there is no special limitation. Wherein bag opening crushing can use machinery, also can use artificial method, preferably mechanical method. The spraying of deodorant and bacteria can be done mechanically or artificially. The mechanical method is preferred. In order to improve efficiency, the deodorant and bacteria can be sprayed immediately after the bag is opened and broken. Specifically, the crushing equipment and spray The equipment is loaded in the same equipment, so that the crushing and fermentation can be carried out at the same time, so as to realize the purpose of shortening the interval between crushing and fermentation and improving the efficiency.

为了使筛分效果好，可以在不同阶段设置磁选和人工分选。磁选可设置在粗筛、中筛后所得的筛上物和筛下物处以及细筛筛下物处，人工分检可设置在粗筛后所得的筛上物和筛下物处。经多次磁选及人工分选后，保证了整套方法中的分类效果，尤其是确保了生产有机肥的有机物或有机发酵物中没有磁性材料，特别是没有电池等污染物品，从而保证了制出的成品肥的质量。In order to make the screening effect better, magnetic separation and manual separation can be set at different stages. Magnetic separation can be set at the oversize and undersize of coarse sieve, medium sieve and undersize of fine sieve, and manual sorting can be set at the oversize and undersize of coarse sieve. After multiple times of magnetic separation and manual separation, the classification effect in the whole set of methods is guaranteed, especially to ensure that there is no magnetic material in the organic matter or organic fermented matter for the production of organic fertilizer, especially no polluting items such as batteries, thus ensuring the production of organic fertilizers. The quality of the finished fertilizer produced.

利用垃圾中的无机物制成城市煤炭材料的技术为本领域技术人员所公知，通常使用液压法即可制成。为了提高该城市煤炭材料的燃值，可采用加入添加剂、粘接剂、阻燃剂，然后通过液压成型，脱膜，养护的方法制成。The technology of making urban coal materials from inorganic substances in garbage is well known to those skilled in the art, and usually can be made by hydraulic method. In order to increase the combustion value of the city's coal materials, it can be made by adding additives, adhesives, and flame retardants, and then hydraulically forming, stripping, and curing.

本发明中制肥的常规技术为本领域技术人员所公知，没有特别限制。如果要制成生物有机肥，可在制肥过程中加入菌种，见图1中中、细筛筛下物的制肥流程。Conventional techniques for making fertilizer in the present invention are well known to those skilled in the art and are not particularly limited. If bio-organic fertilizer is to be made, strains can be added during the fertilizer making process, as shown in Fig. 1 for the fertilizer making process of the sieves of medium and fine sieves.

以下为本发明的效果评价。The following is the effect evaluation of the present invention.

以本发明的方法建成的生活垃圾处理厂的处理能力及技术标准：Processing capacity and technical standards of the domestic waste treatment plant built up with the method of the present invention:

设计规模：                300-1000吨/日Design scale: 300-1000 tons/day

垃圾综合处理利用率：      95％Comprehensive garbage disposal utilization rate: 95%

发酵时间：                6-10天Fermentation time: 6-10 days

渗滤液：                  无渗滤液排放Leachate: No leachate discharge

衍生产品质量符合：        国家行业标准The quality of derivative products conforms to: National industry standards

本发明的环境和社会效益：Environmental and social benefits of the present invention:

垃圾处理的环境和社会效益是显而易见的。集中表现在：1、可以使城市变的更美。2、可以避免垃圾渗沥液对地下水的污染，保护生态环境。3、可以通过垃圾处理带动绿色农业的发展。4、可以调整产业结构，为社会提供更多的就业机会。该工艺技术在环境和社会效益方面与焚烧、卫生填埋、堆肥方式的数据对比见下表：The environmental and social benefits of waste disposal are obvious. Concentrating on: 1. It can make the city more beautiful. 2. It can avoid the pollution of groundwater by landfill leachate and protect the ecological environment. 3. It can promote the development of green agriculture through garbage disposal. 4. It can adjust the industrial structure and provide more employment opportunities for the society. The data comparison of this process technology with incineration, sanitary landfill and composting methods in terms of environmental and social benefits is shown in the table below:

(1000T/日、周期20年)(1000T/day, cycle 20 years)

本发明的经济效益：Economic benefit of the present invention:

包括三个方面，即与其他工艺在建设投资上的比较、运行成本上的比较及本工艺自身不同地域环境、组织管理方式下的效益评价。在建设投资上，本工艺装置与焚烧发电、卫生填埋、仓式发酵工艺的比例为1∶4∶2∶2；在运行费用上的比例为1∶3∶1.5∶1.5。It includes three aspects, that is, the comparison with other processes in terms of construction investment, the comparison in terms of operating costs, and the benefit evaluation of the process itself under different regional environments and organizational management methods. In terms of construction investment, the ratio of this process device to the incineration power generation, sanitary landfill, and warehouse fermentation processes is 1:4:2:2; the ratio of operating costs is 1:3:1.5:1.5.

下表为本发明与国家标准和相关实例在环境社会和经济效益的对比表The following table is a comparison table of the present invention with national standards and relevant examples in environmental society and economic benefits