CN103487012A - Forest fire element determination method based on hand-held total station (forest measuring gun) - Google Patents

本发明涉及一种基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素测定方法，主要是基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素测定方法。本发明利用手持式全站仪(测树枪)的测角及测距功能，在不到达林火确切地点的基础上，测定观测点与林火发生点及蔓延边缘点之间的夹角、方位角及距离，由此推算林火着火点及蔓延边缘点的三维坐标、蔓延距离及平均蔓延速度。解决了原有林火观测无法在现场实现实时观测以及利用高分影像花费高的问题，同时提高了作业效率及精度。The invention relates to a method for measuring forest fire elements based on a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun), mainly based on a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun). The present invention utilizes the angle-measuring and distance-measuring functions of a hand-held total station (tree-measuring gun) to measure the angle, Azimuth and distance, from which the three-dimensional coordinates of the forest fire ignition point and spreading edge points, spreading distance and average spreading speed are calculated. It solves the problems that the original forest fire observation cannot realize real-time observation on the spot and the high cost of using high-resolution images, and at the same time improves the operation efficiency and accuracy.

一种基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素测定方法A forest fire element measurement method based on a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun)

一、技术领域1. Technical field

本发明涉及一种基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素测定方法，特别是基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的的林火要素测定方法。The invention relates to a method for measuring forest fire elements based on a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun), in particular to a method for measuring forest fire elements based on a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun).

二、技术背景2. Technical Background

到目前为止，对森林火灾相关因子的测定依旧面临着无法实地准确测定的现象，虽然航空遥感及中高分辨率遥感影像在森林火灾火点探测被普遍采用，且达到一定高度，但是仍然存在一些问题：So far, the determination of forest fire-related factors is still facing the phenomenon that it cannot be accurately measured on the spot. Although aerial remote sensing and medium and high-resolution remote sensing images are widely used in the detection of forest fire fire points, and have reached a certain height, there are still some problems. :

1.传统人工观测森林火灾各项因子无法在火灾发生过程中到达着火点进行观测，错过了最佳观测时间，准确度大幅下降。1. The traditional manual observation of various factors of forest fires cannot reach the fire point for observation during the fire occurrence process, and the best observation time is missed, and the accuracy is greatly reduced.

2.利用遥感手段，通过高分影像对林火要素进行分析测定的过程增加了传感器本身误差及目视解译误差对要素最终推算结果的误差。2. Using remote sensing means, the process of analyzing and measuring forest fire elements through high-resolution images increases the error of the sensor itself and the error of visual interpretation on the final calculation results of the elements.

3.通过已有手段对林火要素的推算增加了时间延迟，精度随之降低，不能满足实时监测的要求。3. The calculation of forest fire elements through existing means increases the time delay, and the accuracy decreases accordingly, which cannot meet the requirements of real-time monitoring.

因此，在森林火灾监测过程中，原始方法无法实现实时实地准确监测，通过高分影像测定又增大了推算误差。本发明通过利用方便携带的手持式全站仪(测树枪)，在林火发生地附近设定观测点，通过前方交会原理解算出林火发生点坐标、蔓延距离及蔓延速度三项要素，在原有林火要素测定方法的基础上提高了实时性及进度。Therefore, in the process of forest fire monitoring, the original method cannot realize real-time and accurate monitoring on the spot, and the calculation error is increased by the high-resolution image measurement. The present invention sets the observation point near the place where the forest fire occurs by using a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) that is convenient to carry, and calculates the three elements of the coordinates of the forest fire occurrence point, the spread distance and the spread speed through the front intersection principle. On the basis of the original determination method of forest fire elements, the real-time performance and progress are improved.

三、发明内容3. Contents of the invention

为克服传统方法数据获取周期长，效率低，精度差的缺点，提高效率与精度，缩短周期，实现森林火灾各项要素的精准测量，本发明提供一种基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素方法，其主要特征是：首先，在森林火灾着火点附近设定观测点A，同时在可通视的另一点设定辅助观测点B，通过差分GPS获取观测点三维坐标，利用手持式全站仪(测树枪)在A点观测B点，获取夹角，方位角及直线距离，利用三角形原理

获取辅助观测点B的三维坐标；其次，在此基础上，分别在A点及B点利用手持式全站仪(测树枪)观测着火点C₁及T时间后林火蔓延到达的边缘点C₂，获取各方位角、夹角及距离，利用前方交会原理，推算林火着火点及蔓延边缘点三维坐标、林火蔓延距离及平均速度。In order to overcome the disadvantages of long data acquisition period, low efficiency and poor precision of traditional methods, improve efficiency and precision, shorten the period, and realize accurate measurement of various elements of forest fires, the present invention provides a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) ) forest fire element method, its main features are as follows: firstly, set the observation point A near the forest fire ignition point, and set the auxiliary observation point B at another point that can be seen through, and obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the observation point through differential GPS. Hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) observes point B at point A, obtains angle, azimuth and straight-line distance, and uses the principle of triangle

Obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the auxiliary observation point B; secondly, on this basis, use the hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) at points A and B to observe the fire point C ₁ and the edge point C where the forest fire reaches after time T _2. Obtain all azimuths, included angles and distances, and use the principle of forward intersection to calculate the three-dimensional coordinates of the forest fire ignition point and spread edge points, forest fire spread distance and average speed.

本项发明与现有方法相比具有以下优点：Compared with existing methods, the present invention has the following advantages:

1.实现森林火灾火点探测的实地实时推算分析，提高了火点探测的准确性，同时避免高分影像获取的昂贵费用。1. Realize the real-time calculation and analysis of forest fire fire point detection, improve the accuracy of fire point detection, and avoid the expensive cost of high-resolution image acquisition.

2.针对目前森林火灾测量设备落后，测量精度不高，效率低下等问题，利用手持式全站仪(测树枪)避免了火灾现场无法到达的问题，实现森林火灾因子调查的便携、易用、高效、精准式测量。2. In view of the backwardness of current forest fire measurement equipment, low measurement accuracy, and low efficiency, the handheld total station (tree measuring gun) is used to avoid the problem that the fire scene cannot be reached, and to realize the portable and easy-to-use forest fire factor investigation , Efficient and precise measurement.

四、附图说明4. Description of drawings

图1为仪器安放示意图Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the instrument placement

图2为林火着火点观测原理示意图Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the observation principle of forest fire ignition point

图3为林火蔓延边缘点观测原理示意图Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the observation principle of forest fire spreading edge points

五、具体实施方式：5. Specific implementation methods:

基于手持式全站仪(测树枪)的林火要素测定方法与原有林火要素获取方法不同，具体实施方式在于：The forest fire element determination method based on the hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) is different from the original forest fire element acquisition method, and the specific implementation method is:

1.仪器安放：在着火点附近较为开阔地点建立观测站A，利用差分GPS观测该点坐标(X_A，Y_A，Z_A)，并在其较近地点建立观测站B。在A点通过手持式全站仪(测树枪)测A和B两点间的夹角θ以及距离S_AB，方位角

由三角形原理，得到B点三维坐标为：1. Instrument placement: establish an observation station A in a relatively open place near the fire point, use differential GPS to observe the coordinates (X _A , Y _A , Z _A ) of the point, and establish an observation station B in a relatively close place. At point A, use a hand-held total station (tree measuring gun) to measure the angle θ between points A and B, the distance S _AB , and the azimuth

According to the triangle principle, the three-dimensional coordinates of point B are obtained as:

2.在A点和B点分别对着火点C₁，获取方位角

以及AC₁和AB之间的夹角α以及BC₁和AB之间的夹角β。假设AC₁与BC₁之间的夹角为γ，那么γ=180°-(α+β)，那么 S AB sin γ = AC 1 sin β = BC 1 sin α 则 AC 1 = S AB · sin β sin ( α + β ) , 2. At points A and B respectively face the fire point C ₁ to obtain the azimuth

and the angle α between AC ₁ and AB and the angle β between BC ₁ and AB. Suppose the angle between AC ₁ and BC ₁ is γ, then γ=180°-(α+β), then S AB sin γ = AC 1 sin β = BC 1 sin α but AC 1 = S AB &Center Dot; sin β sin ( α + β ) ,

由此得到From this we get

ZZ CC 11 == SS ABAB ·· sinsin ββ ·&Center Dot; sinsin αα sinsin (( αα ++ ββ )) ++ ZZ AA

即确定林火着火点火焰高度为Z_C1，同时，由前方交会原理，推算得到That is to say, the flame height of the forest fire ignition point is determined to be Z _C1, and at the same time, based on the principle of forward intersection, it is calculated that

Xx CC 11 == Xx AA ·· tanthe tan αα ++ Xx BB ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ (( YY BB -- YY AA )) ·· tanthe tan αα ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ tanthe tan αα ++ tanthe tan YY CC 11 == YY AA ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan αα YY BB ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ -- (( Xx BB -- Xx AA )) ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan αα ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ tanthe tan αα ++ tanthe tan ββ

综合上诉，可以得到着火点C₁的三维坐标为：Based on the comprehensive appeal, the three-dimensional coordinates of the ignition point _C1 can be obtained as:

Xx CC 11 == Xx AA ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan αα ++ Xx BB ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ -- (( YY BB -- YY AA )) ·· tanthe tan αα ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ tanthe tan αα ++ tanthe tan ββ YY CC 11 == YY AA ·· tanthe tan αα ++ YY BB ·· tanthe tan ββ -- (( Xx BB -- Xx AA )) ·· tanthe tan αα ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ tanthe tan αα ++ tanthe tan ββ ZZ CC 11 == SS ABAB ·· sinsin ββ ·&Center Dot; sinsin αα sinsin (( αα ++ ββ )) ++ ZZ AA

3.经过T时间过后，林火蔓延到达的边缘点C₂，在A点和B点对C₂点进行观测，按照以上所述同样的方法，可以得到C₂点的坐标：3. After T time, the edge point C ₂ reached by the forest fire spread, observe point C 2 at point A and point _B , and follow the same method as above to get the coordinates of point C ₂ :

Xx CC 22 == Xx AA ·· tanthe tan αα ′′ ++ Xx BB ·· tanthe tan ββ ′′ -- (( YY BB -- YY AA )) ·· tanthe tan αα ′′ ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ ′′ tanthe tan αα ′′ ++ tanthe tan ββ ′′ YY CC 22 == YY AA ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan αα ′′ ++ YY BB ·· tanthe tan ββ ′′ -- (( Xx BB -- Xx AA )) ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan αα ′′ ·&Center Dot; tanthe tan ββ ′′ tanthe tan αα ′′ ++ tanthe tan ββ ′′ ZZ CC 22 == SS ABAB ·· sinsin ββ ′′ ·· sinsin αα ′′ sinsin (( αα ′′ ++ ββ ′′ )) ++ ZZ AA

4.林火蔓延距离及蔓延速度确定：在得到C₁和C₂点坐标后，可以计算两点间距离

同时按照速度距离公式，计算林火平均蔓延速度：4. Determination of forest fire spread distance and spread speed: After obtaining the coordinates of C ₁ and C ₂ points, the distance between the two points can be calculated

At the same time, calculate the average spreading speed of forest fire according to the speed-distance formula:

SS CC 11 CC 22 == (( Xx CC 22 -- Xx CC 11 )) 22 ++ (( YY CC 22 -- YY CC 11 )) 22 ++ (( ZZ CC 22 -- ZZ CC 11 )) 22 VV == SS CC 11 CC 22 TT