CN110848873B - Air conditioner refrigerant fault detection method and air conditioner - Google Patents

The invention provides a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner and the air conditioner. The method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner comprises the following steps: s1, pre-judging a refrigerant fault; s2, detecting refrigerant leakage; s3, calculating the allowance of the refrigerant; when the judgment result of the step S1 shows that the air conditioner has the fault risk, executing a step S2; if the refrigerant leakage is determined in step S2, step S3 is performed. The method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner can periodically pre-judge the refrigerant fault, find the refrigerant fault in time, and comprehensively detect and judge the refrigerant fault by combining a plurality of parameters such as the running condition of a compressor, the temperature of a heat exchanger of an outdoor unit, the temperature of a heat exchanger of an indoor unit, the density parameter of the refrigerant and the like, thereby improving the detection precision.

Air conditioner refrigerant fault detection method and air conditioner

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of air conditioners, in particular to a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner and the air conditioner.

Background

With the improvement of living standard of people, the popularization rate of air conditioners is higher and higher, and in the face of large-area popularization of air conditioners, the maintenance of the air conditioners is correspondingly frequent, various air conditioner problems in the market are endless, and no reasonable solution can be found for faults of refrigerant leakage and the like of the air conditioners all the time.

In addition, when refrigerant leakage occurs, a user can find that the air conditioner is maintained when the cooling and heating effects are very poor. To the refrigerant condition of leaking, adopt in the prior art mostly more rationally and exquisite modes such as preventing leaking pipeline valve interface of design structure to place the refrigerant and leak, in practice, these prevent leaking valve and interface and have reduced the possibility that the leakage takes place to a great extent really. And the leak detection method adapted thereto is not improved.

In summary, the method for periodically and periodically monitoring the refrigerant fault and accurately and efficiently judging refrigerant leakage by comprehensively applying various air conditioning system parameters becomes a research hotspot in the field.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the present invention is directed to a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner and an air conditioner thereof, so as to solve the technical problems in the prior art.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is realized as follows:

a method for detecting the refrigerant fault of an air conditioner comprises the following steps:

s1, pre-judging a refrigerant fault;

s2, detecting refrigerant leakage;

s3, calculating the allowance of the refrigerant;

when the judgment result of the step S1 shows that the air conditioner has the fault risk, executing a step S2; if the refrigerant leakage is determined in step S2, step S3 is performed.

Further, the refrigerant failure prediction in step S1 is performed by the following method: performing refrigerant fault prejudgment according to a first temperature parameter T1, a second temperature parameter T2 and a first pressure parameter P1 of the air conditioner; the first temperature parameter T1 and the second temperature parameter T2 are the temperature of an inner ring and the temperature of an inner coil pipe of the air conditioner after the air conditioner is started to operate for a first preset time respectively; the first pressure parameter P1 is a refrigerant pressure at an outlet of a heat exchanger of an indoor unit of the air conditioner.

Further, step S1 includes the following steps:

s1-1, starting the air conditioner, and obtaining the first temperature parameter T1, the second temperature parameter T2 and the first pressure parameter P1 after the air conditioner runs in a refrigeration mode for first preset time;

s1-2, the difference between the first temperature parameter T1 and the second temperature parameter T2 is a first temperature difference delta T_1-2Judging the first temperature difference delta T_1-2Whether or not it is less than or equal to the first temperature difference threshold DeltaT_{1-2 threshold}(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, finishing the judgment; if yes, go to step S1-3;

s1-3, determine whether the first pressure parameter P1 is less than or equal to a first pressure threshold P1_Threshold(s)(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, finishing the judgment; and if so, judging that the air conditioner has a fault risk.

Further, the refrigerant leakage detection in step S2 is performed by the following method: judging whether a refrigerant leaks or not according to a third temperature parameter T3, a fourth temperature parameter T4 and the compressor running frequency H of the air conditioner; the third temperature parameter T3 is an outer loop temperature when the air conditioner is started; the fourth temperature parameter T4 is a temperature at a surface of a heat exchange coil of an outdoor unit heat exchanger of the air conditioner.

Further, step S2 includes the following steps:

s2-1, starting the air conditioner, recording the third temperature parameter T3, adjusting the set temperature of the air conditioner to the heating standard set temperature, and obtaining the compressor operation frequency H and the fourth temperature parameter T4 after the air conditioner is operated in the heating mode for a second preset time;

s2-2, the difference between the third temperature parameter T3 and the fourth temperature parameter T4 is a second temperature difference Delta T_3-4Judging the second temperature difference Delta T_3-4Whether or not it is less than or equal to the second temperature difference threshold value DeltaT_{3-4 threshold}(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, finishing the judgment; if yes, go to step S2-3;

s2-3, judging whether the compressor running frequency H is greater than or equal to the preset compressor running frequency H', and if not, ending the judgment; and judging that the refrigerant leaks when the judgment result is yes.

Further, the refrigerant remaining amount calculation in step S3 is performed by the following method: calculating a refrigerant allowance percentage R according to a first temperature parameter T1, and a refrigerant density rho at an outlet of a compressor of an outdoor unit of the air conditioner, a fifth temperature parameter T5, a sixth temperature parameter T6, a seventh temperature parameter T7 and an eighth temperature parameter T8; the first temperature parameter T1 is the inner ring temperature of the air conditioner after the air conditioner is started to operate for a first preset time; the fifth temperature parameter T5 and the sixth temperature parameter T6 are a temperature at an inlet and a temperature at an outlet of an outdoor heat exchanger of the air conditioner, respectively; the seventh temperature parameter T7 and the eighth temperature parameter T8 are a temperature at an outlet and a temperature at an inlet of an indoor unit heat exchanger of the air conditioner, respectively.

Further, step S3 includes the following steps:

s3-1, starting the air conditioner, adjusting the set temperature of the air conditioner to a refrigeration standard set temperature, and detecting the density rho of the refrigerant after running in a refrigeration mode for a second preset time;

s3-2, sequentially acquiring the fifth temperature parameter T5, the sixth temperature parameter T6, the seventh temperature parameter T7 and the eighth temperature parameter T8;

and S3-3, calculating the refrigerant allowance percentage R according to the first temperature parameter T1, the refrigerant density rho, the fifth temperature parameter T5, the sixth temperature parameter T6, the seventh temperature parameter T7 and the eighth temperature parameter T8.

Further, the third temperature difference threshold Δ T_{5-6 threshold}And the fourth temperature difference threshold T_{7-8 threshold}Is 6-8 ℃.

The air conditioner adopts the method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner to detect the refrigerant fault.

Compared with the prior art, the method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner has the following advantages:

(1) the method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner can periodically pre-judge the refrigerant fault, find the refrigerant fault in time and avoid the serious damage of the air conditioner, such as capacitor damage, compressor fault and the like caused by long-term operation under the working condition of refrigerant leakage.

(2) The method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner provided by the invention is used for carrying out comprehensive test and evaluation by combining the running condition of the compressor and the temperature of the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit, and provides a more accurate refrigerant leakage detection method.

(3) The method for detecting the refrigerant fault of the air conditioner comprehensively evaluates the temperature parameters and the refrigerant density parameters of the heat exchanger of the indoor unit and the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit to calculate the allowance, improves the accuracy of calculation, and avoids the technical problem of poor accuracy of refrigerant allowance evaluation through temperature or pressure detection in the prior art.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:

fig. 1 is a first flowchart of a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 2 is a second flowchart of a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.

As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for detecting a refrigerant fault of an air conditioner, which specifically includes the following steps:

s1, pre-judging a refrigerant fault;

s2, detecting refrigerant leakage;

and S3, calculating the refrigerant allowance.

If the determination result of step S1 is that there is no risk of refrigerant failure, the air conditioner is kept operating normally, and if the determination result of step S1 is that there is a risk of refrigerant failure, step S2 is continuously executed. Whether the refrigerant of the air conditioner leaks or not can be judged and detected through the step S2, when the judgment result of the step S2 shows that the refrigerant leaks, the refrigerant leakage fault is firstly processed, and then the step S3 is executed, so that the refrigerant allowance is determined, and a basis is provided for refrigerant filling.

The manner and principle of the test and judgment of each step S1 to S3 will be described in detail with reference to fig. 2.

First, the method of predicting the refrigerant failure in step S1 includes: and judging whether the refrigerant fault risk exists currently or not according to the first temperature parameter T1, the second temperature parameter T2 and the first pressure parameter P1 of the air conditioner. The step S1 may be started to be executed according to the request of the user or the maintenance staff when the air conditioner is abnormally operated, or the execution period of the step S1 may be preset, and the risk of refrigerant failure may be periodically checked by periodically executing the step S1 at fixed intervals.

Specifically, in step S1, the sub-step of performing fault pre-determination according to the first temperature parameter T1, the second temperature parameter T2, and the first pressure parameter P1 is:

s1-1, starting the air conditioner, and obtaining the first temperature parameter T1, the second temperature parameter T2 and the first pressure parameter P1 after the air conditioner runs in a cooling mode for first preset time.

S1-2, judging the difference value between the first temperature parameter T1 and the second temperature parameter T2, namely the first temperature difference delta T_1-2Whether or not it is less than or equal to the first temperature difference threshold DeltaT_{1-2 threshold}(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, the judgment is finished, and the air conditioner keeps normal operation; if yes, the process continues to step 1-3.

S1-3, determining whether the first pressure parameter P1 is less than or equal to a first pressure threshold P1_Threshold(s)(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, the judgment is finished, and the air conditioner keeps normal operation; if so, continuing to perform the further determination of step S2, wherein the air conditioner needs to be shut down and stopped before performing step S2The operation is carried out for more than 20 minutes.

After the air conditioner is started to operate, when the operation of the air conditioner reaches the first preset time, the operation of the air conditioner reaches a stable state, and at this time, the fault pre-judgment is started through the step S1-1. The first predetermined time is greater than 3 minutes, preferably the first predetermined time is greater than 6 minutes, and further preferably the first predetermined time is 6 to 8 minutes. When the operation of the air conditioner reaches a steady state, a first temperature parameter T1, a second temperature parameter T2 and a first pressure parameter P1 of the air conditioner are measured.

The first temperature parameter T1 and the second temperature parameter T2 are the inner ring temperature and the inner coil temperature of the air conditioner after the air conditioner is started to operate for a first predetermined time, respectively. The inner ring temperature refers to the temperature at the air outlet of the indoor unit of the air conditioner. The inner coil temperature refers to the temperature at the surface of a heat exchange coil of an indoor unit of the air conditioner. The first pressure parameter P1 is a refrigerant pressure at an outlet of a heat exchanger of an indoor unit of the air conditioner.

Through the steps S1-2 and S1-3, it is determined whether air conditioner refrigerant fault detection is required at this time according to the first temperature parameter T1, the second temperature parameter T2 and the first pressure parameter P1 of the air conditioner, that is, whether the air conditioner has a risk of refrigerant fault is pre-determined.

And when any one of the judgment results in the step S1-2 and the step S1-3 is negative, judging that the refrigerant circulation pipeline of the air conditioner is normal, wherein the risk of refrigerant failure does not exist at the moment, and the air conditioner keeps normal operation. And when the judgment results of the step S1-2 and the step S1-3 are both yes, the fact that the air conditioner has the risk of refrigerant fault currently is indicated, and then the step S-2 is executed to further carry out detection judgment and risk investigation.

The reason why the pre-judgment is made by adopting the above steps S1-2 to S1-3 is that: when the refrigerant of the air conditioner is lack or insufficient due to leakage faults, the problems of pressure reduction, exhaust rising and the like in a refrigerant pipeline can occur, before the air conditioner is started, the temperature of the inner coil pipe is basically the same as that of the inner ring, and after the air conditioner is started to run a refrigeration function, the inner coil pipe is used for refrigeratingThe coil temperature will drop rapidly and will be below the inner ring temperature. If there is a refrigerant fault, the difference Δ T between the first temperature parameter T1 and the second temperature parameter T2_1-2It will be lowered. Therefore, when the first temperature difference Δ T_1-2Is less than or equal to the first temperature difference threshold delta T_{1-2 threshold}If the pressure value is greater than the preset pressure value, the air conditioner is judged to be in a fault state. When the judgment result shows that the difference value between the inner ring temperature and the inner coil temperature is reduced after the startup, and the first pressure parameter P1 is lower than a first pressure threshold P1_Threshold(s)At this time, it is indicated that the air conditioner has a risk of refrigerant failure. Wherein the first temperature difference threshold Δ T_{1-2 threshold}Is 1 ℃ to 2 ℃, preferably 1 ℃. The first pressure threshold P1_Threshold(s)The preset value and the adjustment can be performed by those skilled in the art according to the specific operation parameters of the air conditioner, for example, before the air conditioner leaves a factory, the standard pressure value P1 at the outlet of the heat exchanger of the indoor unit when the refrigerant of the air conditioner is sufficiently filled is tested_{Sign board}Comparing said first pressure threshold P1_Threshold(s)Is set as the standard pressure value P1_{Sign board}60% -90% of the value of (A), preferably the standard pressure value P1_{Sign board}70% of the value of (c).

When the judgment result obtained in step S1 indicates that the refrigerant is at risk of failure, step S2 is further performed, and step S2 is performed to accurately judge whether the refrigerant leaks.

The method for detecting refrigerant leakage through step S2 includes: and acquiring a third temperature parameter T3, a fourth temperature parameter T4 and a compressor operating frequency H of the air conditioner, and judging whether a refrigerant leaks according to the third temperature parameter T3, the fourth temperature parameter T4 and the compressor operating frequency H.

Specifically, step S2 includes the following substeps:

s2-1, starting the air conditioner, recording a third temperature parameter T3 of the air conditioner, adjusting the set temperature of the air conditioner to a heating standard set temperature, and obtaining the compressor operation frequency H and a fourth temperature parameter T4 of the air conditioner after the air conditioner is operated in a heating mode for a second preset time.

S2-2, judging the difference value between the third temperature parameter T3 and the fourth temperature parameter T4, namely a second temperature difference delta T_3-4Whether or not it is less than or equal to the second temperature difference threshold value DeltaT_{3-4 threshold}(ii) a If the judgment result is negative, the judgment is finished; if yes, the process continues to step 2-3.

S2-3, judging whether the compressor running frequency H is greater than or equal to the preset compressor running frequency H', and if not, ending the judgment; if yes, the process proceeds to step S3. Before step S3, the air conditioner needs to be shut down and stopped for more than 20 minutes.

When the air conditioner is started to operate, a third temperature parameter T3 of the air conditioner is recorded firstly, wherein the third temperature parameter T3 is an outer ring temperature when the air conditioner is started to operate. And when the operation of the air conditioner reaches the second preset time, the operation of the air conditioner reaches a stable state, wherein the second preset time is more than 3 minutes, and preferably, the second preset time is 6 minutes.

The fourth temperature parameter T4 is a temperature at a surface of a heat exchange coil of an outdoor unit heat exchanger of the air conditioner. The third temperature parameter T3 and the fourth temperature parameter T4 are obtained by testing a third temperature sensor TS3 fixed to the surface of a heat exchange coil of an outdoor heat exchanger of the air conditioner, wherein the temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger is close to the temperature of an outer ring when the air conditioner is started.

The second temperature difference threshold value Delta T_{3-4 threshold}The second temperature difference threshold Δ T can be preset and adjusted by a person skilled in the art according to specific operating parameters of the air conditioner, and is preferably selected_{3-4 threshold}Is 4 ℃ to 8 ℃, and is further preferable that the second temperature difference threshold value delta T_{3-4 threshold}Was 6 ℃.

The preset operating frequency H' of the compressor can also be preset and adjusted by a person skilled in the art according to the specific operating parameters of the air conditioner. Wherein the compression of the outdoor unit of the air conditioner is performed under different outer ring temperatures and different set temperature conditionsThe machine frequencies are different. Therefore, in order to realize quick and convenient detection, before the air conditioner leaves factory, a compressor parameter database is firstly established, for example, the set temperature of the air conditioner is fixedly set to be 28 ℃ as the heating standard set temperature, the outer ring temperature is adjusted through manual control, and the outer ring temperature is detected to be T from T under the condition that the set temperature of the air conditioner is always 28 DEG C_{Outer a}，T_{Outer b}，T_{Outer c}……T_{Outer n}In the gradual change process of (1), the compressor frequency H 'of the outdoor unit of the air conditioner is set under the condition that the refrigerant has no faults of leakage, deficiency and the like'_a，H’_b，H’_c……H’_nThereby obtaining said compressor parameter database. In executing step S2-3, if the third temperature parameter T3 obtained by the test is T ═ T_{Outer a}And then, it can be judged that the preset compressor running frequency H '═ H'_a(ii) a If the third temperature parameter T3 ═ T_{Outer b}Then, the preset compressor operating frequency H 'may be determined as H'_bAnd so on.

Through the above step S2, the refrigerant leakage can be accurately determined, and if any one of the determination results of the step S2-2 and the step S2-3 is negative, the determination is terminated. And when the judgment results of the step S2-2 and the step S2-3 are both yes, the judgment result indicates that the refrigerant of the air conditioner leaks currently. Subsequently, by performing step S3, a refrigerant remaining amount calculation may be performed before or after the leak failure is repaired, and the refrigerant remaining amount calculation is performed to provide a reference for and a suitable value of the filling amount of the refrigerant.

The calculation method of step S3 is: obtaining a refrigerant density ρ at an outlet of a compressor of an outdoor unit of the air conditioner, a fifth temperature parameter T5, a sixth temperature parameter T6, a seventh temperature parameter T7, and an eighth temperature parameter T8 of the air conditioner, and calculating a refrigerant remaining amount percentage R according to the first temperature parameter T1, the refrigerant density ρ, the fifth temperature parameter T5, the sixth temperature parameter T6, the seventh temperature parameter T7, and the eighth temperature parameter T8 obtained in step S1.

Specifically, in step S3, the refrigerant remaining amount is calculated in the following substeps.

And S3-1, starting the air conditioner, adjusting the set temperature of the air conditioner to the refrigeration standard set temperature, and detecting the density rho of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor of the outdoor unit of the air conditioner after the air conditioner operates in the refrigeration mode for a second preset time.

S3-2, sequentially acquiring a fifth temperature parameter T5, a sixth temperature parameter T6, a seventh temperature parameter T7 and an eighth temperature parameter T8 of the air conditioner.

S3-3, calculating a refrigerant residual amount percentage R according to the first temperature parameter T1, the refrigerant density ρ, the fifth temperature parameter T5, the sixth temperature parameter T6, the seventh temperature parameter T7, and the eighth temperature parameter T8 obtained in the step S1.

The fifth temperature parameter T5 and the sixth temperature parameter T6 are a temperature at an inlet and a temperature at an outlet of an outdoor heat exchanger of the air conditioner, respectively. The seventh temperature parameter T7 and the eighth temperature parameter T8 are a temperature at an outlet and a temperature at an inlet of an indoor unit heat exchanger of the air conditioner, respectively.

The refrigerant allowance percentage R is the percentage of the total amount of refrigerants existing in a refrigerant circulating pipeline of the air conditioner to the initial refrigerant total amount. The refrigerant allowance percentage R is calculated by the following formula:

wherein, Delta T_5-6Is a third temperature difference, Δ T_5-6Is the difference between the fifth temperature parameter T5 and the sixth temperature parameter T6. Delta T_{5-6 threshold}Is a third temperature difference threshold value delta T_{5-6 threshold}Is 6-8 deg.C, preferably 7 deg.C. Delta T_7-8Is a fourth temperature difference, Δ T_7-8Is the difference between the seventh temperature parameter T7 and the eighth temperature parameter T8. Delta T_{7-8 threshold}Is a fourth temperature difference threshold valueThreshold value delta T_{7-8 threshold}Is 6-8 deg.C, preferably 7 deg.C. The density ρ of the refrigerant is obtained by a test. ρ' is an initial refrigerant density at which the air conditioner is operated at a cooling standard set temperature and the inner ring temperature is equal to the first temperature parameter T1.

It should be noted that, under the condition that the refrigerant quality is fixed, the refrigerant density at the outlet of the compressor of the outdoor unit of the air conditioner is different under the conditions of different inner ring temperatures and different set temperatures. Therefore, in order to realize quick and convenient detection, before the air conditioner leaves factory, a refrigerant density database is firstly established, for example, the refrigeration standard set temperature of the air conditioner is set to 20 ℃, the inner ring temperature is adjusted through manual control, and the inner ring temperature is detected to be T from T under the condition that the set temperature of the air conditioner is always 20 DEG C_{Inner a}，T_{Inner b}，T_{Inner c}……T_{Inner n}In the gradual change process of (a), the density rho 'of the refrigerant at the outlet of the compressor of the outdoor unit of the air conditioner under the condition that the refrigerant has no faults of leakage, deficiency and the like'_a，ρ’_b，ρ’_c……ρ’_nThereby obtaining the refrigerant density database. In executing step S3-3, if the first temperature parameter T1 obtained by testing is T ═ T_{Inner a}The initial refrigerant density ρ 'may be determined as ρ'_a(ii) a If the first temperature parameter T1 ═ T_{Inner b}The initial refrigerant density ρ 'may be determined as ρ'_bAnd so on. The specific value of the refrigeration standard set temperature can be selected by those skilled in the art according to actual conditions, such as 16 ℃, or 20 ℃, or 26 ℃.

And obtaining the current refrigerant allowance condition in the air conditioner according to the refrigerant allowance percentage R. The refrigerant allowance can be rapidly detected and judged through the step S3, so that maintenance personnel can be helped to rapidly judge the refrigerant allowance condition, and the refrigerant allowance can be rapidly obtained without testing and complex calculation of a plurality of parameters.

Through the step S1 of the embodiment of the present invention, the refrigerant fault can be periodically pre-determined, for example, the step S1 is periodically executed every 1 to 2 quarters, and the temperature and pressure abnormality is monitored and tested, so that the refrigerant fault risk is periodically checked, and the fault is timely discovered. After a fault is found in the execution of the step S1, refrigerant leakage detection is performed through the step S2, and comprehensive test evaluation is performed in combination with the operation condition of the compressor and the temperature of the outdoor unit heat exchanger, so as to accurately determine whether the refrigerant leaks. And finally, accurately calculating the refrigerant allowance through the step S3, and comprehensively evaluating the temperature parameters and the refrigerant density parameters of the heat exchanger of the indoor unit and the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit in the calculation to calculate the allowance, so that the accuracy of the calculation is improved.

It should be noted that the temperature parameter according to the embodiment of the present invention is obtained by a temperature sensor test. The temperature sensor can be realized by adopting a temperature sensor which is commonly used in the technical field of air conditioners in the prior art and can sense temperature and convert temperature information into a usable output signal, and the embodiment of the invention is not limited. The refrigerant pressure parameter is obtained by testing a pressure sensor, and the pressure sensor is a pressure sensor which is commonly used in the technical field of air conditioners in the prior art and can sense pressure and convert pressure information into a usable output signal. The density of the refrigerant is obtained by testing a density sensor, the density sensor adopts a density sensor which can test the liquid density and convert the liquid density information into a usable output signal in the prior art, such as a resonant liquid density sensor, a vibrating tube type liquid density sensor, an ultrasonic density sensor, a capacitance type liquid density sensor and the like, and the density test purpose in the invention can be realized. The calculation process of the embodiment of the invention can be performed by software and a corresponding general hardware platform, such as a computer software product with calculation and comparison functions stored in a storage medium such as a ROM/RAM, a magnetic disk, an optical disk, and the like. Finally, it should also be noted that, in the embodiments of the present invention, relational terms such as first, second, third, fourth, and the like are used solely to separate one entity or operation or parameter value from another entity or operation region or parameter value without necessarily requiring or implying any actual relationship or order between such entities or operations or parameter values.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.