US20230316158A1 - System and method for generating and providing dispatchable operating reserve energy capacity through use of active load management - Google Patents

A utility employs a method for generating available operating reserve. Electric power consumption by at least one device serviced by the utility is determined during at least one period of time to produce power consumption data, stored in a repository. A determination is made that a control event is to occur during which power is to be reduced to one or more devices. Prior to the control event and under an assumption that it is not to occur, power consumption behavior expected of the device(s) is generated for a time period during which the control event is expected to occur based on the stored power consumption data. Additionally, prior to the control event, projected energy savings resulting from the control event, and associated with a power supply value (PSV) are determined based on the devices' power consumption behavior. An amount of available operating reserve is determined based on the projected energy savings.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

• This application is related to and claims priority from the following U.S. patent applications: it is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/415,322, filed May 17, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/844,871, filed Sep. 3, 2015 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,295,969, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/471,589 filed May 15, 2012 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,130,402, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/775,979 filed May 7, 2010 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,396,606, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/215,725 filed May 8, 2009. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/471,589 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/019,867, filed Feb. 2, 2011 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,996,183. All the above-mentioned documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

• The present invention relates generally to the field of electric power supply and generation systems and, more particularly, to a system and method for generating and/or providing dispatchable operating reserve energy capacity for an electric utility using active load management so that the reserve capacity may be made available to the utility or to the general power market (e.g., via a national grid).

2. Description of Related Art

• Energy demand within a utility's service area varies constantly. Such variation in demand can cause undesired fluctuations in line frequency if not timely met. To meet the varying demand, a utility must adjust its supply or capacity (e.g., increase capacity when demand increases and decrease supply when demand decreases). However, because power cannot be economically stored, a utility must regularly either bring new capacity on-line or take existing capacity off-line in an effort to meet demand and maintain frequency. Bringing new capacity online involves using a utility's reserve power, typically called “operating reserve.” A table illustrating a utility's typical energy capacity is shown in

  FIG. 1

  . As shown, operating reserve typically includes three types of power: so-called “regulating reserve,” “spinning reserve,” and “non-spinning reserve” or “supplemental reserve.” The various types of operating reserve are discussed in more detail below.

• Normal fluctuations in demand, which do not typically affect line frequency, are responded to or accommodated through certain activities, such as by increasing or decreasing an existing generator's output or by adding new generating capacity. Such accommodation is generally referred to as “economic dispatch.” A type of power referred to as “contingency reserve” is additional generating capacity that is available for use as economic dispatch to meet changing (increasing) demand. Contingency reserve consists of two of the types of operating reserve, namely, spinning reserve and non-spinning reserve. Therefore, operating reserve generally consists of regulating reserve and contingency reserve.

• As shown in

  FIG. 1

  , spinning reserve is additional generating capacity that is already online (e.g., connected to the power system) and, thus, is immediately available or is available within a short period of time after a determined need (e.g., within ten (10) to fifteen (15) minutes, as defined by the applicable North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) regulation). More particularly, in order for contingency reserve to be classified as “spinning reserve,” the reserve power capacity must meet the following criteria: a) be connected to the grid; b) be measurable and verifiable; and c) be capable of fully responding to load typically within 10-15 minutes of being dispatched by a utility, where the time-to-dispatch requirements of the spinning reserve are generally governed by a grid system operator or other regulatory body, such as NERC.

• Non-spinning reserve (also called supplemental reserve) is additional generating capacity that is not online, but is required to respond within the same time period as spinning reserve. Typically, when additional power is needed for use as economic dispatch, a power utility will make use of its spinning reserve before using its non-spinning reserve because (a) the generation methods used to produce spinning reserve capacity typically tends to be cheaper than the methods, such as one-way traditional demand response, used to produce non-spinning reserve or (b) the consumer impact to produce non-spinning reserve is generally less desirable than the options used to produce spinning reserve due to other considerations, such as environmental concerns. For example, spinning reserve may be produced by increasing the torque of rotors for turbines that are already connected to the utility's power grid or by using fuel cells connected to the utility's power grid; whereas, non-spinning reserve may be produced from simply turning off resistive and inductive loads such as heating/cooling systems attached to consumer locations. However, making use of either spinning reserve or non-spinning reserve results in additional costs to the utility because of the costs of fuel, incentives paid to consumers for traditional demand response, maintenance, and so forth.

• If demand changes so abruptly and quantifiably as to cause a substantial fluctuation in line frequency within the utility's electric grid, the utility must respond to and correct for the change in line frequency. To do so, utilities typically employ an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) process or subsystem to control the utility's regulating reserve. To determine whether a substantial change in demand has occurred, each utility monitors its Area Control Error (ACE). A utility's ACE is equal to the difference in the scheduled and actual power flows in the utility grid's tie lines plus the difference in the actual and scheduled frequency of the supplied power multiplied by a constant determined from the utility's frequency bias setting. Thus, ACE can be written generally as follows:

• ACE=(NI.sub.A−NI.sub.S)+(−10B.sub.1)(F.sub.A−F.sub.S), [Equation 1], where NI.sub.A is the sum of actual power flows on all tie lines, Ni.sub.S is the sum of scheduled flows on all tie lines, B.sub.1 is the frequency bias setting for the utility, F.sub.A is the actual line frequency, and F.sub.S is the scheduled line frequency (typically 60 Hz).

• In view of the foregoing ACE equation, the amount of loading relative to capacity on the tie lines causes the quantity (NI.sub.A−NI.sub.S) to be either positive or negative. When demand is greater than supply or capacity (i.e., the utility is under-generating or under-supplying), the quantity (NI.sub.A−NI.sub.S) is negative, which typically causes ACE to be negative. On the other hand, when demand is less than supply, the quantity (NI.sub.A−NI.sub.S) is positive (i.e., the utility is over-generating or over-supplying), which typically causes ACE to be positive. The amount of demand (e.g., load) or capacity directly affects the quantity (NI.sub.A−NI.sub.S); thus, ACE is a measure of generation capacity relative to load. Typically, a utility attempts to maintain its ACE very close zero using AGC processes.

• If ACE is not maintained close to zero, line frequency can change and cause problems for power consuming devices attached to the electric utility's grid. Ideally, the total amount of power supplied to the utility tie lines must equal the total amount of power consumed through loads (power consuming devices) and transmission line losses at any instant of time. However, in actual power system operations, the total mechanical power supplied by the utility's generators is seldom exactly equal to the total electric power consumed by the loads plus the transmission line losses. When the power supplied and power consumed are not equal, the system either accelerates (e.g., if there is too much power in to the generators) causing the generators to spin faster and hence to increase the line frequency or decelerates (e.g., if there is not enough power into the generators) causing the line frequency to decrease. Thus, variation in line frequency can occur due to excess supply, as well as due to excess demand.

• To respond to fluctuations in line frequency using AGC, a utility typically utilizes “regulating reserve,” which is one type of operating reserve as illustrated in

  FIG. 1

  . Regulating reserve is used as needed to maintain constant line frequency. Therefore, regulating reserve must be available almost immediately when needed (e.g., in as little as a few seconds to less than about five (5) minutes). Governors are typically incorporated into a utility's generation system to respond to minute-by-minute changes in load by increasing or decreasing the output of individual generators and, thereby, engaging or disengaging, as applicable, the utility's regulating reserve.

• The Federal Energy Reliability Commission (FERC) and NERC have proposed the concept of Demand Side Management (DSM) as an additional approach to account for changes in demand. DSM is a method in which a power utility carries out actions to reduce demand during peak periods. Examples of DSM include encouraging energy conservation, modifying prices during peak periods, direct load control, and others.

• Current approaches for using DSM to respond to increases in demand have included using one way load switches that interrupt loads, as well as statistics to approximate the average amount of projected load removed by DSM. A statistical approach is employed because of the utility's inability to measure the actual load removed from the grid as a result of a DSM load control event. In addition, current DSM approaches have been limited to use of a single power measuring meter among every one hundred (100) or more service points (e.g., residences and/or businesses). Accordingly, current DSM approaches are inadequate because they rely on statistical trends and sampling, rather than on empirical data, to make projections and measure actual load removal events.

• More recently, FERC and NERC have introduced the concept of flexible load-shape programs as a component of DSM. These programs allow customers to make their preferences known to the utility concerning timing and reliability of DSM load control events. However, DSM approaches utilizing load-shaping programs do not meet all of the criteria for implementing regulating reserve or spinning reserve, such as being dispatchable within 15 minutes or less. Additionally, in order for a generating source to be considered dispatchable energy, it must be forecasted twenty-four (24) hours prior to being delivered to a utility. Current DSM approaches do not facilitate accurate forecasting twenty-four (24) hours in advance due to their heavy reliance on statistics.

• Therefore, there is a need for utilities to be able to create operating reserve, especially regulating and/or spinning reserve, by using accurate forecasting and flexible load shaping techniques. There is a further need to involve the consumer in a two-way approach in which the consumer can make their energy consumption preferences known and the utility can make use of those preferences to respond to increased demand and maintain line frequency regulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

• The present invention provides methods and systems for generating operating reserves.

• Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method for generating operating reserves of a utility and/or any market participant of an electric power grid servicing one or more service points, the method including the steps of: determining amounts of electric power consumed by at least a first set of devices during at least one period of time to produce power consumption data, and a first power supply value (PSV) associated with each of the first set of devices, the first set of devices being located at the one or more service points; storing the power consumption data and the first PSV in a repository; determining that a control event is to occur during which a supply of electric power is to be reduced to at least the first set of devices; generating, prior to commencement of the control event and under an assumption that the control event is not to occur, power consumption behavior expected of the first set of devices during a first period of time based at least on the stored power consumption data, wherein the control event is expected to occur during the first period of time; determining, prior to commencement of the control event, projected energy savings resulting from the control event based at least on the actual power consumption behavior of the first set of devices; determining, prior to commencement of the control event, amounts of electric power stored by a second set of devices located at the one or more service points to produce stored power data, and a second power supply value (PSV) associated with each of the second set of devices; and determining, prior to commencement of the control event, an amount of available operating reserve based on the projected energy savings, the PSVs, and the stored power data.

• The present invention is further directed to a grid operator and/or system that provides electrical service to one or more remotely located service points, each service point including at least one device that consumes power during operation thereof, the grid operator including: a repository; and at least one processor coupled to the repository, the at least one processor operable to: determine amounts of electric power consumed by the at least a first set of devices during at least one period of time to produce power consumption data and corresponding power supply values (PSVs) for the devices; store the power consumption data in the repository; determine that a control event is to occur during which a supply of electric power is to be reduced to at least the first set of devices; determine, prior to commencement of the control event and under an assumption that the control event is not to occur, power consumption behavior expected of at least the first set of devices for a first period of time based at least on the stored power consumption data, wherein the control event is expected to occur during the first period of time; determine, prior to commencement of the control event, projected energy savings resulting from the control event based at least on the actual power consumption behavior and PSVs of at least the first set of devices; determine, prior to commencement of the control event, amounts of electric power stored by at least a second set of devices located at the one or more service points to produce stored power data and PSVs corresponding to the at least second set of devices; and determine, prior to commencement of the control event, an amount of available operating reserve based on the projected energy savings, the PSVs, and the stored power data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1

  is a table showing the base load power requirements and operating reserve available to an electric power utility.

• FIG. 2

  is a block diagram illustrating how an active load management system in accordance with the present invention provides additional operating (e.g., regulating, spinning and/or non-spinning) reserve to a power utility.

• FIG. 3

  is a block diagram of an exemplary IP-based, active load management system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 4

  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary active load director as shown in the power load management system of

  FIG. 3

  .

• FIG. 5

  is a block diagram illustrating generation of an exemplary sampling repository at the active load director of

  FIG. 4

  or some other location in an electric utility.

• FIG. 6

  is a screen shot of an exemplary web browser interface through which a customer may designate his or her device performance and energy saving preferences for an environmentally-dependent, power consuming device in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 7

  is a screen shot of an exemplary web browser interface through which a customer may designate his or her device performance and energy saving preferences for an environmentally-independent, power consuming device in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 8

  is an operational flow diagram illustrating a method for empirically analyzing power usage of power consuming devices and populating a repository with data samples resulting from such power usage analysis, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 9

  is an operational flow diagram illustrating a method for projecting energy usage for a power consuming device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 10

  is an operational flow diagram illustrating a method for generating power consumption behavior of a power consuming device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 11

  is an operational flow diagram illustrating a method for projecting energy savings through power interruption to a power consuming device during a control event, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 12

  is a graph that depicts a load profile of a utility during a projected time period, showing actual energy usage as well as projected energy usage determined with and without a control event, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

• FIG. 13

  is a block diagram of a system for implementing a virtual electric utility in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

• Before describing in detail exemplary embodiments that are in accordance with the present invention, it should be observed that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of apparatus components and processing steps related to actively monitoring and managing power loading at an individual service point (e.g., on an individual subscriber basis) and throughout a utility's service area, as well as determining available or dispatchable operating reserve power derived from projected power savings resulting from monitoring and management of power loading. Accordingly, the apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

• In this document, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “top” and “bottom,” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” and any other variation thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The term “plurality of” as used in connection with any object or action means two or more of such object or action. A claim element proceeded by the article “a” or “an” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element.

• Additionally, the term “ZigBee” refers to any wireless communication protocol adopted by the Institute of Electronics & Electrical Engineers (IEEE) according to standard 802.15.4 or any successor standard(s), the term “Wi-Fi” refers to any communication protocol adopted by the IEEE under standard 802.11 or any successor standard(s), the term “WiMax” refers to any communication protocol adopted by the IEEE under standard 802.16 or any successor standard(s), and the term “Bluetooth” refers to any short-range communication protocol implementing IEEE standard 802.15.1 or any successor standard(s). Additionally or alternatively to WiMax, other communications protocols may be used, including but not limited to a “1 G” wireless protocol such as analog wireless transmission, first generation standards based (IEEE, ITU or other recognized world communications standard), a “2-G” standards based protocol such as “EDGE or CDMA 2000 also known as 1×RTT”, a 3G based standard such as “High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) or Evolution for Data Only (EVDO), any accepted 4G standard such as “IEEE, ITU standards that include WiMax, Long Term Evolution “LTE” and its derivative standards, any Ethernet solution wireless or wired, or any proprietary wireless or power line carrier standards that communicate to a client device or any controllable device that sends and receives an IP based message.

• The term “High Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA)” refers to any communication protocol adopted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) or another mobile telecommunications standards body referring to the evolution of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard beyond its third generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocols. The term “Long Term Evolution (LTE)” refers to any communication protocol adopted by the ITU or another mobile telecommunications standards body referring to the evolution of GSM-based networks to voice, video and data standards anticipated to be replacement protocols for HSPA. The term “Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Evolution Date-Optimized (EVDO) Revision A (CDMA EVDO Rev. A)” refers to the communication protocol adopted by the ITU under standard number TIA-856 Rev. A.

• The terms “utility,” “electric utility,” “power utility,” and “electric power utility” refer to any entity or system that generates, distributes, and/or resells electrical power, including any market participant associated with an electric power grid, microgrid, etc., that purchases power from a power-generating entity and distributes the purchased power to end user customers, or that supplies electricity created either actually or virtually by alternative energy sources, such as solar power, wind power, load control, or otherwise, to power generation or distribution entities through the FERC electrical grid or otherwise, or that schedules the supply of energy or ancillary services, such as operating reserves. Therefore, as used herein and in the appended claims, an “electric utility” may be a power-generating entity, a power-distributing entity, a retail electric provider (REP), an independent system operator (ISO), an electrical grid operator, or any other market participant, such as any entity that performs the function of a load serving entity (LSE), a qualified scheduling entity (QSE), a resource entity (RE), or a transmission/distribution service provider (TDSP), as such entities and participants are understood by those of ordinary skill in the art in the electricity industry.

• The terms “energy” and “power” are used interchangeably herein. The terms “operating reserve,” “spinning reserve,” “regulating reserve,” “non-spinning reserve,” “supplemental reserve,” and “contingency reserve” are conventional in the art and their uses and inter-relations are described in hereinabove. The term “environment” refers to general conditions, such as air temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, rainfall quantity, water temperature, etc., at or proximate a service point or associated with a device (e.g., water temperature of water in a hot water heater or a swimming pool).

• The term “device,” as used herein, means a power-consuming device, and there may generally be two different types of devices within a service point, namely, an environmentally-dependent device and an environmentally-independent device. An environmentally-dependent device is any power consuming device that turns on or off, or modifies its behavior, based on one or more sensors that detect characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, or various other characteristics, of an environment. An environmentally-dependent device may directly affect and/or be affected by the environment in which it operates. An environmentally-independent device is any power-consuming device that turns on or off, or modifies its behavior, without reliance upon inputs from any environmental sensors. Generally speaking, an environmentally-independent device does not directly affect, and is not typically affected by, the environment in which it operates, although, as one skilled in the art will readily recognize and appreciate, operation of an environmentally-independent device can indirectly affect, or occasionally be affected by, the environment. For example, as those skilled in the art readily understand, a refrigerator or other appliance generates heat during operation, thereby causing some heating of the ambient air proximate the device.

• It will be appreciated that embodiments or components of the systems described herein may be comprised of one or more conventional processors and unique stored program instructions that control the one or more processors to implement, in conjunction with certain non-processor circuits, some, most, or all of the functions for determining an electric utility's available or dispatchable operating (e.g., regulating and spinning) reserve that is derived from projected power savings resulting from monitoring and management of loads in one or more active load management systems as described herein. The non-processor circuits may include, but are not limited to, radio receivers, radio transmitters, antennas, modems, signal drivers, clock circuits, power source circuits, relays, meters, memory, smart breakers, current sensors, and user input devices. As such, these functions may be interpreted as steps of a method to store and distribute information and control signals between devices in a power load management system. Alternatively, some or all functions could be implemented by a state machine that has no stored program instructions, or in one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), in which each function or some combinations of functions are implemented as custom logic. Of course, a combination of the foregoing approaches could be used. Thus, methods and means for these functions have been described herein. Further, it is expected that one of ordinary skill in the art, notwithstanding possibly significant effort and many design choices motivated by, for example, available time, current technology, and economic considerations, when guided by the concepts and principles disclosed herein, will be readily capable of generating such software instructions, programs and integrated circuits (ICs), and appropriately arranging and functionally integrating such non-processor circuits, without undue experimentation.

• Generally, the present invention encompasses a system and method for generating operating reserve (e.g., spinning and/or regulating reserve) for a utility servicing one or more service points. In one embodiment, the utility or any market participant associated with the electric power grid, employs an active load management system (ALMS) to remotely determine, during at least one period of time, power consumed by at least one device located at the one or more service points and receiving power from the utility to produce power consumption data. The power consumption data is regularly stored and updated in a repository. The ALMS or a control component thereof, such as an active load director (ALD), determines an expected, future time period for a control event during which power is to be interrupted or reduced to one or more devices. Prior to commencement of the control event, the ALMS or its control component: (i) generates power consumption behavior expected of the device(s) during the time period of the control event based at least on the stored power consumption data, (ii) determines projected energy savings resulting from the control event based at least on the power consumption behavior of device(s), and determines operating (e.g., regulating and/or spinning) reserve based on the projected energy savings. The determined operating reserve may be made available to the current power utility or to the power market through the existing (e.g., Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) power grid. In one embodiment, the ALD populates an internal repository (e.g., database, matrix, or other storage medium) with measurement data indicating how individual devices within individual service points consume power or otherwise behave under normal operation and during control events. The power consumption data is updated through regular (e.g., periodic or otherwise) sampling of device operating conditions (e.g., current draw, duty cycle, operating voltage, etc.). When an ALD is first installed in an ALMS for an electric utility power grid, there is little data with which to create regulating and spinning reserve forecasts. However, over time, more and more data samples are used to improve the quality of the data in the repository. This repository is used to project both energy usage and energy savings. These projections can be aggregated for an entire service point, a group of service points, or the entire utility.

• Furthermore, based upon the reduction in consumed power, the systems and methods of the present invention provide for generating at the control center a power supply value (PSV) corresponding to the reduction in consumed power by the power consuming device(s). Importantly, the PSV is an actual value that includes measurement and verification of the reduction in consumed power; such measurement and verification methods may be determined by the appropriate governing body or authority for the electric power grid(s). Power Supply Value (PSV) is calculated at the meter or submeter or at building control system or at any device or controller that measures power within the standard as supplied by the regulatory body(ies) that govern the regulation of the grid. PSV variations may depend on operating tolerances, operating standard for accuracy of the measurement. The PSV enables transformation of curtailment or reduction in power at the device level by any system that sends or receives an IP message or power control-related message to be related to or equated to supply as presented to the governing entity that accepts these values and award supply equivalence, for example of a power generating entity or an entity allowed to control power consuming devices as permitted by the governing body of the electric power grid, e.g., FERC, NERC, etc.

• PSV may be provided in units of electrical power flow, monetary equivalent, and combinations thereof. Also, PSV relates to the ability to reduce power by curtailment or by putting power back onto the grid, and the quality and value associated therewith. Thus, the PSV provides an actual value that is confirmed by measurement and/or verification, thereby providing for a curtailment value as a requirement for providing supply to the power grid, wherein the supply to the power electric power grid is provided for grid stability, voltage stability, reliability, and combinations thereof, and is further provided as responsive to an energy management system or equivalent for providing grid stability, reliability, frequency as determined by governing authority for the electric power grid and/or grid operator(s).

• In an alternative embodiment, additional data may be used to help differentiate each data sample stored in the repository. The additional data is associated with variability factors, such as, for example, outside air temperature, day of the week, time of day, humidity, sunlight, wind speed, altitude, orientation of windows or doors, barometric pressure, energy efficiency rating of the service point, insulation used at the service point, and others. All of these variability factors can have an influence on the power consumption of a device. Some of the variability factor data may be obtained from public sources, such as local, state or national weather services, calendars, and published specifications. Other variability factor data may be obtained privately from user input and from sensors, such as humidity, altitude, temperature (e.g., a thermostat), and optical or light sensors, installed at or near a service point (e.g., within or at a residence or business).

• FIG. 2

  is a block diagram illustrating how an ALMS operating in accordance with the present invention provides additional operating (e.g., regulating, spinning, and/or non-spinning) reserve to a power utility. Without use of an ALMS operating in accordance with the present invention, the utility has capacity equal to its base load plus its regulating reserve, spinning reserve, and non-spinning reserve as shown on the left side of the figure. However, with use of an ALMS operating in accordance with the present invention, the utility has additional operating reserve, which may be preferably used as regulating, spinning and/or non-spinning reserve (as illustrated in

  FIG. 2

  ), by drawing power selectively from service points through the interruption or reduction of power to devices, such as air conditioners, furnaces, hot water heaters, pool pumps, washers, dryers, boilers, and/or any other inductive or resistive loads, at the service points.

• The present invention can be more readily understood with reference to

  FIGS. 3-12

  , in which like reference numerals designate like items.

  FIG. 3

  depicts an exemplary IP-based active load management system (ALMS) 10 that may be utilized by an electric utility, which may be a conventional power-generating utility or a virtual utility, in accordance with the present invention. The below description of the

  ALMS

  10 is limited to specific disclosure relating to embodiments of the present invention. A more general and detailed description of the

  ALMS

  10 is provided in commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/895,909, which was filed on Aug. 28, 2007, was published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0062970 A1 on Mar. 5, 2009, and is incorporated herein by this reference as if fully set forth herein. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0062970 A1 provides details with respect to the exemplary operational implementation and execution of control events to interrupt or reduce power to devices located at service points, such as residences and businesses. The use of an

  ALMS

  10 to implement a virtual utility is described in detail in commonly-owned and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/001,819, which was filed on Dec. 13, 2007, was published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1 on Mar. 5, 2009, and is incorporated herein by this reference as if fully set forth herein.

• The

  ALMS

  10 monitors and manages power distribution via an active load director (ALD) 100 connected between one or more utility control centers (UCCs) 200 (one shown) and one or more active load clients (ALCs) 300 (one shown) installed at one or more service points 20 (one exemplary residential service point shown). The

  ALD

  100 may communicate with the

  utility control center

  200 and each

  active load client

  300 either directly or through a

  network

  80 using the Internet Protocol (IP) or any other (IP or Ethernet) connection-based protocols. For example, the

  ALD

  100 may communicate using RF systems operating via one or more base stations 90 (one shown) using one or more wireless communication protocols, such as GSM, ANSI C12.22, Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), HSPA, LTE, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), or CDMA data standards, including CDMA 2000, CDMA Revision A, CDMA Revision B, and CDMA EVDO Rev. A. Alternatively, or additionally, the

  ALD

  100 may communicate via a digital subscriber line (DSL) capable connection, cable television based IP capable connection, or any combination thereof. In the exemplary embodiment shown in

  FIG. 3

  , the

  ALD

  100 communicates with one or more

  active load clients

  300 using a combination of traditional IP-based communication (e.g., over a trunked line) to a

  base station

  90 and a wireless channel implementing the HSPA or EVDO protocol from the

  base station

  90 to the

  active load client

  300. The distance between the

  base station

  90 and the

  service point

  20 or the

  active load client

  300 is typically referred to as the “last mile” even though the distance may not actually be a mile. The

  ALD

  100 may be implemented in various ways, including, but not limited to, as an individual server, as a blade within a server, in a distributed computing environment, or in other combinations of hardware and software. In the following disclosure, the

  ALD

  100 will be described as embodied in an individual server to facilitate an understanding of the present invention. Thus, the server embodiment of the

  ALD

  100 described below corresponds generally to the description of the

  ALD

  100 in US patent application Publication Nos. US 2009/0062970 A1 and US 2009/0063228 A1.

• Each

  active load client

  300 is preferably accessible through a specified address (e.g., IP address) and controls and monitors the state of individual smart breaker modules or

  intelligent appliances

  60 installed at the service point 20 (e.g., in the business or residence) to which the

  active load client

  300 is associated (e.g., connected or supporting). Each

  active load client

  300 is preferably associated with a single residential or commercial customer. In one embodiment, the

  active load client

  300 communicates with a

  residential load center

  400 that contains smart breaker modules, which are able to switch from an “ON” (active) state to an “OFF” (inactive) state, and vice versa, responsive to signaling from the

  active load client

  300. Smart breaker modules may include, for example, smart breaker panels manufactured by Schneider Electric SA under the trademark “Square D” or Eaton Corporation under the trademark “Cutler-Hammer” for installation during new construction. For retro-fitting existing buildings, smart breakers having means for individual identification and control may be used. Typically, each smart breaker controls a single appliance (e.g., a washer/

  dryer

  30, a

  hot water heater

  40, an

  HVAC unit

  50, or a pool pump 70). In an alternative embodiment, IP addressable relays or device controllers that operate in a manner similar to a “smart breaker” may be used in place of smart breakers, but would be installed coincident with the load under control and would measure the startup power, steady state power, power quality, duty cycle and energy load profile of the

  individual appliance

  60,

  HVAC unit

  40,

  pool pump

  70,

  hot water heater

  40, or any other controllable load as determined by the utility or end customer.

• Additionally, the

  active load client

  300 may control individual smart appliances directly (e.g., without communicating with the residential load center 400) via one or more of a variety of known communication protocols (e.g., IP, Broadband over PowerLine (BPL) in its various forms, including through specifications promulgated or being developed by the HOMEPLUG Powerline Alliance and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Ethernet, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 protocols), HSPA, EVDO, etc.). Typically, a

  smart appliance

  60 includes a power control module (not shown) having communication abilities. The power control module is installed in-line with the power supply to the appliance, between the actual appliance and the power source (e.g., the power control module is plugged into a power outlet at the home or business and the power cord for the appliance is plugged into the power control module). Thus, when the power control module receives a command to turn off the

  appliance

  60, it disconnects the actual power supplying the

  appliance

  60. Alternatively, the

  smart appliance

  60 may include a power control module integrated directly into the appliance, which may receive commands and control the operation of the appliance directly (e.g., a smart thermostat may perform such functions as raising or lowering the set temperature, switching an HVAC unit on or off, or switching a fan on or off).

• The

  active load client

  300 may further be coupled to one or more

  variability factor sensors

  94.

  Such sensors

  94 may be used to monitor a variety of variability factors affecting operation of the devices, such as inside and/or outside temperature, inside and/or outside humidity, time of day, pollen count, amount of rainfall, wind speed, and other factors or parameters.

• Referring now to

  FIG. 4

  , the

  ALD

  100 may serve as the primary interface to customers, as well as to service personnel, and operates as the system controller sending control messages or power control messages to, and collecting data from, installed

  active load clients

  300 as described in detail below and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0062970 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In the exemplary embodiment depicted in

  FIG. 4

  , the

  ALD

  100 is implemented as an individual server and includes a utility control center (UCC)

  security interface

  102, a

  UCC command processor

  104, a

  master event manager

  106, an

  ALC manager

  108, an

  ALC security interface

  110, an

  ALC interface

  112, a

  web browser interface

  114, a customer sign-up

  application

  116, customer

  personal settings

  138, a customer reports

  application

  118, a

  power savings application

  120, an ALC

  diagnostic manager

  122, an

  ALD database

  124, a

  service dispatch manager

  126, a

  trouble ticket generator

  128, a

  call center manager

  130, a

  carbon savings application

  132, a utility power and carbon (P&C)

  database

  134, a

  read meter application

  136, a

  security device manager

  140, a

  device controller

  144, and one or more processors 160 (one shown). The operational details of several of the elements of the

  ALD

  100 are described below with respect to their use in connection with the present invention. The operational details of the remaining elements of the

  ALD

  100 may be found in U.S. patent application Publication Nos. US 2009/0062970 A1 and US 2009/0063228 A1, and US 2011/0172837, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, including specification and figures or drawings, wherein the

  ALD

  100 is also described in the context of an individual server embodiment.

• In another embodiment, features, functions and/or components referred to in US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0161148, Ser. No. 12/715,195 filed Mar. 1, 2010, by inventor Forbes, Jr., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, are combined advantageously with the embodiments described herein.

• In one embodiment according to the present invention, a sampling repository is used to facilitate the determination of dispatchable operating reserve power or energy (e.g., spinning and/or regulating reserve) for a utility. An

  exemplary sampling repository

  500 is shown in block diagram form in

  FIG. 5

  . As illustrated in

  FIG. 5

  , the

  sampling repository

  500 is a means for storing device monitoring data and other data that collectively details how devices (e.g., a

  hot water heater

  40 as shown in

  FIG. 5

  ) have behaved under specific conditions. The

  repository

  500 may be in various forms, including a matrix, a database, etc. In one embodiment, the

  sampling repository

  500 is implemented in the

  ALD database

  124 of the

  ALD

  100. Alternatively, the

  sampling repository

  500 may reside elsewhere within the

  ALD

  100 or be external to the

  ALD

  100. The

  sampling repository

  500 contains all power consumption data for devices located at a device or

  service point

  20 or within a utility and/or any market participant associated with the electric power grid. Power consumption data may include, but is not limited to: current reading, energy/power used or consumed, energy/power saved, drift or drift rate, power time, user settings for maximum environmental variances, time periods (e.g., hours of the day, days of the week, and calendar days). Taken collectively, this data is used to show how devices behaved during normal operation as well as during control events in which power is temporarily interrupted or reduced to one or more devices. The data may be obtained via passive sampling (e.g., regular monitoring of devices at a

  particular service point

  20 by the

  active load client

  300 associated with the service point 20) and/or active sampling (e.g., direct polling of the devices for the data by the

  active load client

  300 or the ALD 100). As discussed below, the

  sampling repository

  500 is used by the

  ALD

  100 or other components of the

  ALMS

  10 to generate or project power consumption behavior of the devices and to determine projected power/energy savings resulting from a control event. The projected power savings may be determined using the

  power savings application

  120 based upon the power consumption data in the

  repository

  500.

• FIG. 6

  is an exemplary screen shot displayed to a user (e.g., customer) during execution of a customer

  personal settings application

  138. The illustrated screen shot shows a screen being used to set the customer preferences for an environmentally-dependent device, such as an

  HVAC unit

  50, a humidifier, or a pool heater. The illustrated screen shot may be provided to the customer in one embodiment via an Internet-accessible web portal 98 (referred to herein as the “customer dashboard”) when such portal is accessed by the customer via a computer, smart phone, or other comparable device. As shown in

  FIG. 3

  , the

  customer dashboard

  98 may be connected to the

  ALD

  100 via an Internet service provider for the

  service point

  20 or may be implemented as a

  customer Internet application

  92 when Internet service is supplied through the

  active load client

  300 as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1. The

  customer dashboard

  98 effectively provides the customer with access into the

  ALD

  100. The ALD's

  web browser interface

  114 accepts inputs from the

  customer dashboard

  98 and outputs information to the

  customer dashboard

  98 for display to the customer. The

  customer dashboard

  98 may be accessed from the

  service point

  20 or remotely from any Internet-accessible device, preferably through use of a user name and password. Thus, the

  customer dashboard

  98 is preferably a secure, web-based interface used by customers to specify preferences associated with devices controlled by the

  ALD

  100 and located at the customer's

  service point

  20, as well as to provide information requested by the customer

  personal settings application

  138 or the customer sign-up

  application

  116 in connection with controlled devices and/or service point conditions or parameters. Customer preferences may include, for example, control event preferences (e.g., times, durations, etc.), bill management preferences (e.g., goal or target for maximum monthly billing cost), maximum and minimum boundary settings for environmental characteristics, and others.

• FIG. 7

  is another exemplary screen shot displayed to a customer via the

  customer dashboard

  98 during execution of a different portion of the customer

  personal settings application

  138.

  FIG. 7

  shows how customer preferences could be set for an environmentally-independent device, such as a

  hot water heater

  40, a

  pool pump

  70, or a sprinkler system water pump (which may also be an environmentally-dependent device if it includes, for example, a rainfall sensor). Using the

  web browser interface

  114, customers interact with the

  ALD

  100 and specify customer

  personal settings

  138 that are recorded by the

  ALD

  100 and stored in the

  ALD database

  124 or

  other repository

  500. The

  personal settings

  138 may specify time periods during which load control events are permitted, time periods during which load control events are prohibited, maximum allowable variances for an operating environment at a particular service point 20 (e.g., maximum and minimum temperature and/or humidity), normal operating conditions of devices at different times of day, and other personal preferences related to operation of devices under the control of the

  ALD

  100 through the

  active load client

  300 at the

  service point

  20.

• As alluded to above, the present invention optionally tracks and takes into account the “drift” of an environmentally-dependent device. Drift occurs when the environmental characteristic(s) (e.g., temperature) monitored by an environmentally-dependent device begins to deviate (e.g., heat up or cool down) from a set point that is to be maintained by the environmentally-dependent device. Such deviation or drift may occur both normally and during control events. Thus, drift is the time it takes for the monitored environmental characteristic to move from a set point to an upper or lower comfort boundary when power, or at least substantial power, is not being consumed by the device. In other words, drift is a rate of change of the monitored environmental characteristic from a set point without use of significant power (e.g., without powering an HVAC unit compressor, but while continuing to power an associated digital thermostat and HVAC unit control system). One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that devices, such as

  HVAC units

  50, which control one or more environmental characteristics at a

  service point

  20, are also influenced or affected by the environment at the

  service point

  20 because their activation or deactivation is based on one or more sensed environmental characteristics at the

  service point

  20. For example, an

  HVAC unit

  50 in cooling mode that attempts to maintain an inside temperature of 77.degree. F. activates when the inside temperature is some temperature greater than 77.degree. F. and, therefore, is influenced or affected by the environment in which the

  HVAC unit

  50 operates.

• The inverse of drift is “power time,” which is the time it takes for the sensed environmental characteristic to move from a comfort boundary to a set point when significant or substantial power is being supplied to the environmentally-dependent device. In other words, “power time” is a rate of change of the monitored environmental characteristic from a comfort boundary to a set point with significant use of power. Alternatively, “drift” may be considered the time required for the monitored environmental characteristic to move to an unacceptable level after power is generally turned off to an environmentally-dependent device. By contrast, “power time” is the time required for the monitored environmental characteristic to move from an unacceptable level to a target level after power has been generally supplied or re-supplied to the environmentally-dependent device.

• The power consumption data for an environmentally-dependent device, which may be gathered actively or passively as described above, may be used to empirically determine the drift and power time (rate of change, temperature slope, or other dynamic equation (f{x})) that defines an environmental characteristic's variation at a

  service point

  20, or at least within the operating area of the environmentally-dependent device, so as to permit the determination of a uniquely derived “fingerprint” or power usage/consumption pattern or behavior for the

  service point

  20 or the environmentally-dependent device.

• Customers define the upper and lower boundaries of comfort by inputting

  customer preferences

  138 through the

  web browser interface

  114, with the set point optionally being in the middle of those boundaries. During normal operation, an environmentally-dependent device will attempt to keep the applicable environmental characteristic or characteristics near the device's set point or set points. However, all devices, whether environmentally-dependent or environmentally-independent, have a duty cycle that specifies when the device is in operation because many devices are not continuously in operation. For an environmentally-dependent device, the duty cycle ends when the environmental characteristic(s) being controlled reaches the set point (or within a given tolerance or variance of the set point). After the set point has been reached, the environmentally-dependent device is generally turned off and the environmental characteristic is allowed to “drift” (e.g., upward or downward) toward a comfort boundary. Once the environmental characteristic (e.g., temperature) reaches the boundary, the environmentally-dependent device is generally activated or powered on again until the environmental characteristic reaches the set point, which ends the duty cycle and the power time.

• Drift may also occur during a control event. A control event is an action that temporarily reduces, terminates, or otherwise interrupts the supply of power to a device. During a control event, the environmental characteristic (e.g., temperature) monitored and/or controlled by an environmentally-dependent device will drift toward a comfort boundary (e.g., upper or lower) until the environmental characteristic reaches that boundary. Once the environmental characteristic reaches the boundary, the

  ALMS

  10 generally returns or increases power to the device to enable the environmental characteristic to reach the set point again.

• For example, an

  HVAC unit

  50 may have a set point of 72.degree. F. and minimum and maximum comfort boundary temperatures of 68.degree. F. and 76.degree. F., respectively. On a cold day, a control event may interrupt power to the

  HVAC unit

  50 causing the monitored temperature within the

  service point

  20 to move toward the minimum comfort boundary temperature. Once the monitored temperature inside the

  service point

  20 reaches the minimum comfort boundary temperature, the control event would end, and power would be restored or increased to the

  HVAC unit

  50, thus causing the monitored temperature to rise toward the set point. A similar, but opposite effect, may take place on a warm day. In this example, “drift” is the rate of change with respect to the time it takes the

  HVAC unit

  50 to move from the set point to either the upper or lower comfort bounds. Analogously, “power time” is the rate of change with respect to the time required for the

  HVAC unit

  50 to move the monitored temperature from the upper or lower comfort bounds to the set point. In one embodiment of the present invention, drift and power time are calculated and recorded for each environmentally-dependent or environmentally-independent device or for each

  service point

  20.

• In another embodiment, drift and other measurement data available from the

  ALD database

  124 are used to create a power consumption behavior or pattern for each environmentally-dependent or environmentally-independent device or for each

  service point

  20. The other measurement data may include vacancy times, sleep times, times in which control events are permitted, and/or other variability factors.

• The environment within an energy-efficient structure will have a tendency to exhibit a lower rate of drift. Therefore, environmentally-dependent devices operating within such structures may be subject to control events for longer periods of time because the amount of time taken for the monitored environmental characteristic to reach a comfort boundary due to drift after being set to a set point is longer than for less efficient structures.

• In another embodiment, the

  ALD

  100 may identify

  service points

  20 that have an optimum drift for power savings. The

  power savings application

  120 calculates drift for each

  service point

  20 and/or for each environmentally-dependent device at the

  service point

  20, and saves the drift information in the

  ALD database

  124 as part of power consumption data for the device and/or the

  service point

  20. Thus, power saved as a result of drift during a control event increases overall power saved by the environmentally-dependent device at the

  service point

  20.

• FIG. 8

  illustrates an exemplary operational flow diagram 800 providing steps executed by the

  ALD

  100 to empirically analyze power usage of devices and populate a

  repository

  500 with data samples resulting from such power usage analysis, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The steps in

  FIG. 8

  may be considered to implement a passive sampling algorithm. The steps of

  FIG. 8

  are preferably implemented as a set of computer instructions (software) stored in memory (not shown) of the

  ALD

  100 and executed by one or

  more processors

  160 of the

  ALD

  100.

• According to the logic flow, the

  active load client

  300 polls devices within the

  service point

  20, such as a washer/

  dryer

  30,

  hot water heater

  40,

  HVAC unit

  50,

  smart appliance

  60,

  pool pump

  70, or other devices within the

  service point

  20, and obtains current readings. Upon receiving the current reading data from the

  active load client

  300, the

  ALC interface

  112 sends the data to the

  ALC manager

  108. The

  ALC manager

  108 stores the data to the

  sampling repository

  500, which may be implemented in the

  ALD database

  124 using the operational flow illustrated in

  FIG. 8

  .

• The following information may be provided as parameters to the operational flow of

  FIG. 8

  : an identification (ID) of the device, temperature mode (either “heating” or “cooling”), duty cycle, current temperature read by the device, and previous temperature read by the device. Each temperature reading includes a device ID, a set point (which is only useful for environmentally-dependent devices), and variability factor measurement data (as described previously).

• Initially, the

  ALD

  100 determines (802) whether the device used any, or at least any appreciable amount of, energy. If not, then the logic flow ends. Otherwise, the

  ALD

  100 determines (804) the time duration of the data sample, the time duration when the device was on, and the time duration when the device was off based on the data sample. Next, the

  ALD

  100 determines (806) whether the received data comes from an environmentally-dependent device or an environmentally-independent (e.g., binary state) device. If the received data comes from an environmentally-dependent device, then the

  ALD

  100 determines (808) the energy used per minute for the device, and determines (810) whether the device is drifting or powering. The

  ALD

  100 determines that the device is drifting if the environmental characteristic monitored by the device is changing in a manner opposite the mode of the device (e.g., the room temperature is rising when the device is set in cooling mode or the room temperature is decreasing when the device is set in heating mode). Otherwise, the device is not drifting.

• If the device is drifting, then the

  ALD

  100 determines (814) the drift rate (e.g., degrees per minute). On the other hand, if the device is not drifting, then the

  ALD

  100 determines (812) the power time rate. Once either the drift rate or the power time rate has been calculated, the

  ALD

  100 determines (880) whether there is already a record in the

  sampling repository

  500 for the device being measured under the present operating conditions of the device (e.g., set point and other variability factors (e.g., outside temperature)). If there is no existing record, then the

  ALD

  100 creates (882) a new record using, for example, the device's ID, time of record, current set point, current outside temperature, energy used per minute, power time rate, and drift rate (assuming that either a power time rate or a drift rate has been determined). However, if there is an existing record, then the

  ALD

  100 updates (884) the existing record by averaging the new data (including energy usage, drift rate, and power time rate) with the existing data and storing the result in the

  repository

  500.

• If the

  ALD

  100 determines (806) that the received data comes from an environmentally-independent device, then the

  ALD

  100 determines (842) the energy used per minute for the device and further determines (844) the energy saved per minute for the device. The

  ALD

  100 then searches the repository 500 (e.g., ALD database (124)) to determine (890) whether there is already a record for the device for the applicable time period. If there is no existing record, then the

  ALD

  100 creates (892) a new record using the device's ID, time of record, current time block, energy used per minute, and energy saved per minute. However, if there is an existing record, then the

  ALD

  100 updates (894) the existing record by averaging the new data (including energy usage and energy savings) for the time block with the existing data for the time block and stores the result in the

  repository

  500. For environmentally-independent devices, energy usage and energy savings are saved with respect to a block or period of time.

• FIG. 9

  illustrates an exemplary operational flow diagram 900 providing steps executed by the

  ALD

  100 to project or generate the energy usage expected of a device during a future time period in a given environment setting, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The steps of

  FIG. 9

  are preferably implemented as a set of computer instructions (software) stored in memory (not shown) of the

  ALD

  100 and executed by one or

  more processors

  160 of the

  ALD

  100. In accordance with one embodiment, the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  may be executed by the

  power savings application

  120 of the

  ALD

  100 when a utility operator, or other operator of the

  ALD

  100, wants to project the energy usage for a device over a specified time period in the future, such as during a period of time in which a control event is to occur.

• The following information may be provided as parameters to the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  : the device ID, the start time of the future time period, the end time of the future time period, the manage mode of the device, and, for an environmentally-independent device, a binary control factor. The manage mode is either “control” or “normal” to indicate whether the device is being measured during a control event or during normal operation, respectively. The binary control factor is preferably utilized for environmentally-independent devices and represents the duty cycle of the device. For example, if a

  water heater

  40 runs at 20% duty cycle, the binary control factor is 0.2.

• Initially, the ALD 100 (e.g., power savings application 120) determines (902) a future time period based on the start and stop times. The future time period may be set by the utility implementing the load control procedure of the present invention or a second utility that has requested delivery of operating reserve power from the utility implementing the load control procedure of the present invention. After the time period at issue is known, the

  power savings application

  120 begins the procedure for projecting or generating the amount of power that can be saved as the result of execution of a control event during the future time period. Accordingly, the

  power savings application

  120 analyzes the devices to be controlled during the control event. Thus, the

  power savings application

  120 determines (904) whether the devices include both environmentally-dependent and environmentally-independent (e.g., binary state) devices. For each environmentally-dependent device, the

  power savings application

  120 determines (920) whether the device is in environment controlling (e.g., heating or cooling) mode. Next, the

  power savings application

  120 retrieves (922) the anticipated set points for the device during the future time period of the control event and obtains (924) information regarding the outside environmental characteristic(s) (e.g., the outside temperatures) expected during the control event time period. The

  power savings application

  120 then makes projections (926) about the device's expected power consumption behavior during the future time period. In one embodiment, the projection determination of

  block

  926 is implemented using a best match algorithm, as described in detail below with respect to

  FIG. 10

  , to find stored repository records that best match the behavior of the device for each combination of set points, outside environmental characteristics (e.g., temperatures), and time periods, as measured and stored using the logic flow of

  FIG. 8

  . The power consumption behavior of the device is used to determine the amount of energy that would be expected to be used by the device if the control event did not occur and, thus, the amount of energy generated or expected to be saved per unit time during the control event. The

  power savings application

  120 multiplies (928) the saved power per unit time by the time duration of the future control event to determine the total amount of energy projected to be used by the device in the absence of the control event. The power savings application returns (980) the total projected amount of energy used by the device in the absence of the proposed control event.

• However, if the

  power savings application

  120 determines (904) that the proposed control event is to affect an environmentally-independent device, then the

  power savings application

  120 determines (960) whether the device is currently scheduled to be on or off during the proposed time period of the control event. Next, the

  power savings application

  120 creates, obtains, or otherwise determines (962) a list of time blocks for the specified control event time period. The

  power savings application

  120 then makes projections (964) about the device's power consumption behavior during the future, control event time period. In one embodiment, the projection determination of

  block

  964 is implemented using a best match algorithm, as described in detail below with respect to

  FIG. 10

  , to find stored repository records that best match the behavior of the device for each combination of set points, outside environmental characteristics (e.g., temperatures), and time periods, as measured and stored using the logic flow of

  FIG. 8

  . The power consumption behavior of the device is used to determine the amount of energy that would be expected to be used by the device if the control event did not occur and, thus, the amount of energy expected to be saved per unit time during the control event. Next, the

  power savings application

  120 multiplies (968) the saved power per unit time by the time duration of the future control event to determine the total amount of energy projected to be used in the absence of the control event. If the projected energy savings is based on power consumption during a previous control event (970), then the

  power savings application

  120 multiplies (972) the total amount of energy times the binary control factor to determine the amount of energy projected to be used by the device in the absence of the control event. The power savings application returns (980) the total projected amount of energy used by the device in the absence of the proposed control event.

• One or ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize and appreciate that the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  may be used for each controlled device at a service point, for the controlled devices at multiple service points, or for all the controlled devices at all the service points supplied or supported by a utility. The total projected energy usage by the devices may be aggregated across a single service point, for all service points within a group, and/or for all groups served by the utility.

• FIG. 10

  illustrates an exemplary operational flow diagram 1000 providing steps executed by the

  ALD

  100 for generating power consumption behavior of a device in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The algorithm or operational flow illustrated in

  FIG. 10

  provides one embodiment for implementing

  steps

  926 and 964 of

  FIG. 9

  . The operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  determines which record or records in the

  sampling repository

  500 provides the closest match to a given environment or operational setting for use in projecting device energy usage/savings during a time period of a future control event, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The steps of

  FIG. 10

  are preferably implemented as a set of computer instructions (software) stored in memory (not shown) of the

  ALD

  100 and executed by one or

  more processors

  160 of the

  ALD

  100. The operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  may be initiated by the

  ALD

  100 when trying to identify or determine the sampling repository record or records that best match the power consumption behavior of a device in a specific setting.

• In one embodiment, the operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  is called during execution of the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  as noted above. When so called, the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  provides the operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  with parameters that indicate the type of records to be searched. These parameters include, but are not limited to: a device ID, a duty mode (either on or off), a time period (e.g., corresponding to the time period of the proposed future control event), a set point delta, a delta or variance related to one or more environmental characteristics (e.g., outside temperature), and a time block delta. Duty mode signifies the duty cycle of the device. If the duty mode is TRUE or ON, significant power is being consumed. If the duty mode is FALSE or OFF, significant power is not being consumed (i.e., power is being saved). Duty cycle exists for switch-controlled, binary state, or environmentally-independent devices which go ON and OFF irrespective of the influence or affect of environment. For

  HVAC devices

  50, duty mode is always ON. Set point delta is the amount a set point may be varied during a search in order to find a matching repository record. Outside temperature/environmental characteristic delta is the number of temperature degrees or other change in environmental characteristics over which data relating to the outside temperature or other environmental characteristics may be varied during a search in order to find a matching repository record. Time block delta is the amount of time a time block may be varied during a search in order to find a matching repository record.

• Initially, the

  ALD

  100 determines (1002) whether the requested repository search relates to an environmentally-dependent device or an environmentally-independent device. If the search relates to an environmentally-dependent device, then the

  ALD

  100 attempts to find (1004) power consumption records in the

  sampling repository

  500 that match the device ID, duty mode, environmental characteristic (e.g., temperature) set point, and associated outside environmental characteristic data. Power consumption records include power consumption data, such as power consumed, current drawn, duty cycle, operating voltage, operating impedance, time period of use, set points, ambient and outside temperatures during use (as applicable), and/or various other energy use data. If a record exists that matches all the power consumption search criteria, such record would be considered the record that most closely matches the given environment setting. If no exact match is found (1010), then the

  ALD

  100 begins looking for records that slightly differ from the given environment setting. In one embodiment, the

  ALD

  100 incrementally increases or decreases (1012) the environment-related search criteria (e.g., temperature set point and/or outside/ambient temperature) using the set point delta and the outside temperature/environmental characteristic delta as a guide to look for relevant records. Such incremental/iterative modification of the search criteria continues until either relevant records are found or some applicable limit (e.g., as indicated by the set point delta and/or other parameter deltas) is reached.

• If the

  ALD

  100 determines (1002) that the search relates to an environmentally-independent device, then the

  ALD

  100 attempts to find (1040) power consumption records in the

  sampling repository

  500 that match the device ID, duty mode, and time of operation (corresponding to the expected, future time of the control event). If a record is not found that matches all the search criteria (1070), then the

  ALD

  100 modifies its search to look for records that slightly differ from the given environment setting. In one embodiment, the

  ALD

  100 modifies its search by incrementally increasing or decreasing (1072) the time of operation for a given duty mode. The iterative searching continues until either relevant records are found or some applicable limit (e.g., as indicated by the time block delta or other parameter deltas) is reached. Any records that were found as a result of the search are provided (1060) to the requesting program (e.g., the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  ). The result of the operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  is a set of one or more power consumption records from the

  sampling repository

  500 that are the closest match to the given environment or proposed control event setting.

• FIG. 11

  illustrates an exemplary operational flow diagram 1100 providing steps executed by the

  ALD

  100 to project energy savings through power interruption or reduction to a device during a control event, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The steps of

  FIG. 11

  are preferably implemented as a set of computer instructions (software) stored in memory (not shown) of the

  ALD

  100 and executed by one or

  more processors

  160 of the

  ALD

  100. As with the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  , the operational flow of

  FIG. 11

  may be executed by the

  power savings application

  120 when an operator of the utility or of the

  ALD

  100 wants to project the energy savings for a device over a specified time period during operation of a control event.

• The following information may be provided as parameters to the operational flow of

  FIG. 11

  : a device ID, a start time of the control event, an end time of the control event, and a binary control factor, as described above in connection with

  FIG. 9

  . Initially, the ALD 100 (e.g., power savings application 120) projects (1102) the energy usage/power consumption for the device during normal operation within the expected time period of the control event using, for example, the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  . Next, the

  power savings application

  120 projects (1104) the power consumption for the device during the control event using, for example, the operational flow of

  FIG. 9

  . For example, depending on the duty cycle, set points, drift or drift rate, power time, and other parameters for the device, the device may be projected to be on and consuming power for some amount of time during the time period of the control event. Thus, both the expected amount of power consumed during normal operation (i.e., in the absence of any control event) and the expected amount of power consumed during the control event are determined to accurately assess any possible power savings as a result of the control event. After the two projected power consumption values have been determined, the

  power savings application

  120 calculates (1106) the difference between the two values, which is the projected power consumption for the device during the control event time period. Because the projected power consumption will not be realized during the control event, such power consumption corresponds directly to an amount of energy saved during the control event. The

  power savings application

  120 returns (1108) the projected energy savings value. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize and appreciate that the

  power savings application

  120 may aggregate the projected power savings for all controlled devices at a

  service point

  20, for all controlled devices at service points within a group, or for controlled devices within all service point groups served by the utility to obtain an aggregate amount of power savings as a result of a control event.

• Another context in which the

  ALMS

  10 may be utilized is in conjunction with other renewable energy sources. A number of renewable energy sources, such as wind power and solar power, are variable in nature. That is, such energy sources do not generate power at a constant rate. For example, wind increases or decreases from moment to moment. Wind turbines can generate a large amount of power due to large winds or can stop generating completely due to lack of any wind. Solar panels may be able to generate a great deal of power on very sunny days, a little power on cloudy days, and virtually no power at night.

• As a result, power utilities that make use of renewable energy must compensate for the under-generation or over-generation of power from those sources. When renewable energy sources are under-generating, the

  ALMS

  10 may utilize the processes disclosed above to provide additional operating reserve to compensate for the lack of power generation by the renewable energy source and for the effects resulting therefrom, including output frequency instability. For example, a utility utilizing wind or solar energy sources may further incorporate the

  ALMS

  10 into the utility distribution system to provide regulating reserve during time periods of under-generation.

• FIG. 12

  is a graph that depicts the “load profile” of a utility over a predetermined time period, showing actual energy usage as well as projected energy usage determined with and without a control event in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The load profile graph depicts the following:

• • a. Baseline power consumption 1202. This is the total possible load of, or power consumed by, all controlled devices over a specified period of time.
  • b. Projected interruptible load usage 1204 (i.e., projected load or energy usage with a control event) for all controlled devices at all service points (or at selected service points) served by the utility in the absence of a control event. The projected interruptible load usage may be determined in one embodiment through execution of the operational flow of FIG. 9 . The projected interruptible load available 1204 indicates the load for all controlled devices if they are controlled 100% of the time using customer preferences.
  • c. Projected interruptible load available 1206 (i.e., projected energy used when no control events are used) for all controlled devices at all service points (or at selected service points) served by the utility during a control event. The projected interruptible load usage may be determined in one embodiment through execution of the operational flow of FIG. 11 .
  • d. Actual interruptible load usage 1208 for all controlled devices at all service points (or at selected service points) served by the utility. The actual interruptible load usage 1208 is the power that is currently being used by all controlled devices. This type of load profile graph may be generated for all controlled devices at a service point 20, for controlled devices at all service points within a group, or for controlled devices at all groups served by the utility.

• In the load profile graph of

  FIG. 12

  , the capacity under contract is shown as a straight double line at the top of the graph and indicates the

  baseline power consumption

  1202. The

  baseline power consumption

  1202 represents the total amount of power that the utility is obligated to provide. The actual

  interruptible load usage

  1208 is the actual energy usage of all devices controlled by the utility. The projected

  interruptible load usage

  1204 at the bottom of the load profile graph is the projected energy used when control events are used, and the projected interruptible load available 1206 is the projected energy usage when control events are not used. The difference between the projected

  interruptible load usage

  1204 and the projected interruptible load available 1206 is the capacity that may be used for operating reserve, including regulating reserve, spinning reserve, and non-spinning reserve.

• Normally, when a utility observes energy demand that is near its peak capacity, it will attempt to initiate control events for customers who voluntarily participate in power saving programs (i.e., flexible load-shape programs, as described earlier). Typically, these control events will provide sufficient capacity to prevent the utility from using non-spinning reserve. However, there are situations in which a sufficient number of customers may have manually decided to opt out of power saving programs and, as a result, the utility would be unable to recover enough energy to meet its spinning reserve needs from its remaining customers who voluntarily participate in the program. Such a situation could happen, for instance, on a very hot day when many people are home, such as on a holiday or a day over the weekend. In such a case, the utility would still be in danger of using non-spinning reserve or even running out of reserve capacity altogether. In such a situation, the utility would be in a “critical control” mode. In critical control mode, the utility may override all customer preferences, including both those who voluntarily participate in power saving programs and those who do not. During periods of critical control, the utility may utilize the

  ALD

  100 to adjust settings of environmentally-dependent devices to settings outside of normal comfort preferences (but not life-threatening). Invoking critical control enables a utility to return power demand to acceptable levels.

• Use of the

  ALMS

  10 may help a utility mitigate the likelihood of critical control situations. For example, whenever a customer overrides or opts out of a control event, the

  ALMS

  10, using the techniques disclosed herein, finds additional customers who may be the target of a voluntary control event. Analogously, when controlled devices that are participating in a control event are required to exit the control event due to customer preferences (e.g., the amount of time that the customer's devices may participate in a control event), the

  ALD

  100 may release such devices from the control event and replace them with other voluntarily controlled devices. The replacement devices would then preferably supply, through deferment, at least the same amount of reserve power as was being sourced by the devices that were released from the control event. Thus, the

  system

  10 of the present invention increases the likelihood that a utility will be able to spread control events to other customers before invoking critical control.

• In a further embodiment, the

  entire ALMS

  10 described in

  FIG. 3

  may also be implemented in a proprietary network that is IP-based, real-time, temperature-derived, verifiable, interactive, two-way, and responsive to Automatic Generation Control (AGC) commands to produce operating reserve power through implementation of control events.

• In an additional embodiment of the present invention, the sampling data stored in the

  repository

  500 using the operational flow of

  FIG. 5

  could also include other factors (called “variability factors”) related to power consumption, such as day of the week, humidity, amount of sunshine, or number of people in the household. This additional data would allow the projected energy usage and projected energy savings to be more accurate based on these additional factors. To make use of this data, the

  ALD

  100 may obtain the additional data from sources within and/or external to the

  ALMS

  10, such as weather databases, live weather feeds from sources such as National Weather Reporting stations,

  outdoor sensors

  94, or any weather related input device commercially available on a real time or predictive basis, calendars, and voluntary customer feedback. Some of the variability factor measurements are available from public sources, while others are available via private sources.

• In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, transmission line loss may be included in the projected energy savings determination of

  FIG. 11

  . As those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate, the amount of power supplied by a utility to source a device remote from the utility equals the amount of power required by the device plus the amount of power lost in the transmission lines between the utility's power generation plant and the location of the device. Thus, the projected energy savings resulting from a control event may be determined by determining an amount of power expected to be consumed by the controlled device or devices at a service point, at multiple service points or throughout the entire service area of the utility during the time period of the control event absent occurrence of the control event to produce first energy savings, determining an amount of power that is not expected to be dissipated in transmission lines as a result of not delivering power to the controlled device or devices during the control event to produce second energy savings, and summing the first energy savings and the second energy savings.

• In a further embodiment of the present invention, the operating reserve (e.g., spinning reserve or regulating reserve) determined by a utility using the techniques disclosed above can be sold to a requesting

  utility

  1306, as illustrated in

  FIG. 13

  , which is essentially a replication of FIG. 9 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As explained in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1, the saved power may then be distributed to the requesting

  utility

  1306 after commencement of the control event (e.g., during and/or after completion of the control event) conducted by the selling utility. The selling utility may be a

  virtual utility

  1302 or a serving

  utility

  1304 as illustrated in

  FIG. 13

  and described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, a third party may serve as a managing entity to manage operation of the

  ALMS

  10 and the resultant distribution of operating reserve to a requesting

  utility

  1306 subsequent to commencement of a control event.

• In yet another embodiment, the

  ALD

  100 for a utility may determine projected energy savings for each

  service point

  20 served by the utility in accordance with the operational flow of

  FIG. 11

  and aggregate the projected energy savings across all service points served by the utility to obtain the total projected energy savings from which operating reserve may be determined as described above.

• In a further embodiment, instead of or in addition to using the operational flow of

  FIG. 10

  in an attempt to find a best match data point in the

  repository

  500 for use in generating power consumption behavior of a device when the time period of the control event does not correspond to a time period in the

  repository

  500, the

  ALD

  100 may determine whether the

  repository

  500 includes power consumption data for the device during time periods before and after the expected time period of the control event and, if so, interpolate a value corresponding to an amount of power expected to be consumed by the device during the time period of the control event based on the power consumption data for the device during the time periods before and after the expected time period of the control event. However, more preferably, the power supply value (PSV) associated with each of the at least one power consuming device(s) is used to determine or generate the power consumption behavior and commercial value for the response to the control event associated with the power consuming device(s).

• The present invention provides systems and methods that receive electric power from an electric power grid, the systems and methods including: at least one power consuming device that requires electric power to operate; at least one controllable device operably coupled to the at least one power consuming device, the at least one controllable device operable to control a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device responsive to power control instructions, wherein each of the at least one power consuming devices has a corresponding power supply value (PSV); a backup power subsystem operably coupled to the at least one power consuming device, the backup power subsystem operable to automatically supply electric power to the at least one power consuming device when a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device drops below a threshold; and a client device operable to receive power control messages from a remote system control component and provide power control instructions to the at least one controllable device responsive to the power control messages, wherein a first received power control message instructs the client device to disable a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device, and wherein a first power control instruction instructs the at least one controllable device to disable the flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device and causing activation of the backup power subsystem.

• Also, systems and methods for a client device at a base transceiver site to control a flow of electric power from an electric power grid to a collocated base transceiver system so as to provide operating reserve for to the electric power grid, the base transceiver system including at least one base transceiver unit operable to provide wireless communication capability, a controllable device operable to control a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit, and a backup power subsystem operable to supply electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit when a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit drops below a threshold, the method including the steps of: receiving power control messages from a remote system control component, at least a first received power control message instructing the client device to disable a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit; and providing a first power control instruction to the at least one controllable device responsive to the first received power control message, the first power control instruction instructing the at least one controllable device to disable a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit, thereby causing activation of the backup power subsystem, wherein an amount of grid-supplied electric power saved as a result of disabling a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one base transceiver unit provides operating reserve for the electric power grid.

• Also, in another embodiment, method for a client device located at an electrical service point to control a flow of electric power from an electric power grid to the service point so as to provide operating reserve to the electric power grid, the service point including at least one power consuming device operable to consume electric power, at least one controllable device operable to control a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device, and a backup power subsystem operable to supply electric power to the at least one power consuming device when a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device is reduced below a threshold, the method including the steps of: receiving power control messages from a remote system control component, at least a first power control message instructing the client device to disable a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device; and providing a first power control instruction to the at least one controllable device responsive to the first power control message, the first power control instruction instructing the at least one controllable device to disable a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device, thereby causing activation of the backup power subsystem, wherein an amount of grid-supplied electric power saved as a result of disabling a flow of grid-supplied electric power to the at least one power consuming device provides operating reserve for the electric power grid based upon a power supply value (PSV) associated with each of the at least one power consuming device(s).

• In yet another embodiment, a requesting utility may utilize a method for acquiring operating reserve power from a sourcing utility. According to this embodiment, the requesting utility requests operating reserve power from the sourcing utility sufficiently in advance of a transfer time at which the operating reserve power will be needed so as to facilitate measurable and verifiable load-controlled generation of the operating reserve power. The load-controlled generation of the operating reserve power results from a determination of operating reserve as detailed above with respect to

  FIGS. 7-12

  . The requesting utility receives an acknowledgment from the sourcing utility indicating that the sourcing utility will supply the operating reserve power at the transfer time. Then, at the transfer time and for a time period thereafter, the requesting utility receives at least some of the operating reserve power from the sourcing utility.

• In a further embodiment, the operating reserve determination techniques may be utilized by a

  virtual utility

  1302 as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0063228 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the

  virtual utility

  1302 may be operable to at least offer energy to one or more requesting

  utilities

  1306 for use as operating reserve for the requesting

  utilities

  1306. In such a case, the

  virtual utility

  1302 may include, among other things, a

  repository

  500 and a processor 160 (e.g., within an ALD 100). In this embodiment, the

  processor

  160 is operable to remotely determine, during at least one period of time, power consumed by at least one device to produce power consumption data. The

  processor

  160 is further operable to store the power consumption data in the

  repository

  500 and, at the appropriate time, determine an expected, future time period for a control event during which power is to be reduced to the device or devices. The

  processor

  160 is also operable to generate, prior to commencement of the control event, power consumption behavior expected of the device or devices during the time period of the control event based at least on the stored power consumption data. The

  processor

  160 is further operable to determine, prior to commencement of the control event, projected energy savings resulting from the control event based at least on the power consumption behavior of the device or devices. Still further, the

  processor

  160 is operable to determine, prior to commencement of the control event, operating reserve based on the projected energy savings. After determination of the operating reserve, the

  processor

  160 is operable to communicate an offer to supply the operating reserve to a requesting

  utility

  1306 or utilities.

• As described above, the present invention encompasses a system and method for determining operating reserve capacity using an ALD or comparable device, software, or combination thereof so that the operating reserve capacity may be made available to the power utility that generated the operating reserve through load control or to the power market generally (e.g., via the FERC grid). When a utility requires power beyond its native load, the utility must make use of its operating reserve or acquire the additional power via the FERC grid from other utilities. As discussed above, one type of operating reserve is spinning reserve. Spinning reserve is additional generating capacity that is already connected to the power system and, thus, is almost immediately available. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the ALD makes spinning reserve available to a utility. Thus, through use of the ALD, a utility (power generating utility or a virtual utility) can determine or project spinning reserve or other operating reserve that is available through interruptible power savings at service points. The spinning reserve is measurable and verifiable, and can be projected for a number of days in advance, and such projections can be sold to other utilities on the open market.

• As disclosed above, the

  ALD

  100 may be considered to implement a type of flexible load-shape program. However, in contrast to conventional load control programs, the load-shape program implemented by the

  ALD

  100 projects an amount of operating reserve resulting from selective control of devices (loads) based on known, real-time customer preferences. In addition, due to its communication and control mechanisms, the

  ALD

  100 can project power savings, as well as operating reserve (e.g., regulating, spinning and/or non-spinning reserve) that is active, real-time, verifiable, and measurable so as to comply with protocols and treaties established for the determination of carbon credits and offsets, as well as renewable energy credits. The information acquired by the

  ALD

  100 is not simply samples of customer preferences and data, but actual power consumption information.

• In the foregoing specification, the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended exemplary claims. For example, the passive sampling algorithm of

  FIG. 8

  , the projected energy usage algorithm of

  FIG. 9

  , the best sampling match algorithm of

  FIG. 10

  , and the projected energy savings algorithm of

  FIG. 11

  may be performed by one or more equivalent means. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

• Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments of the present invention. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause or result in such benefits, advantages, or solutions to become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.