US7602260B1 - Programmable supply voltage regulator for oscillator - Google Patents

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• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
  • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
  • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
  • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
  • H03L7/099—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B27/00—Generation of oscillations providing a plurality of outputs of the same frequency but differing in phase, other than merely two anti-phase outputs
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
  • H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
  • H03B5/1206—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification
  • H03B5/1212—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification the amplifier comprising a pair of transistors, wherein an output terminal of each being connected to an input terminal of the other, e.g. a cross coupled pair
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
  • H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
  • H03B5/1206—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification
  • H03B5/1221—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device using multiple transistors for amplification the amplifier comprising multiple amplification stages connected in cascade
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
  • H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
  • H03B5/1228—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
  • H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
  • H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
  • H03B5/124—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator the means comprising a voltage dependent capacitance
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
  • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
  • H03B5/08—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance
  • H03B5/12—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device
  • H03B5/1237—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator
  • H03B5/1293—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising lumped inductance and capacitance active element in amplifier being semiconductor device comprising means for varying the frequency of the generator having means for achieving a desired tuning characteristic, e.g. linearising the frequency characteristic across the tuning voltage range
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
  • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
  • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
  • H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
  • H03L7/099—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop
  • H03L7/0995—Details of the phase-locked loop concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop the oscillator comprising a ring oscillator

Definitions

• the present invention relates to electronic circuits, and more particularly, to programmable supply voltage regulators for oscillator circuits.
• a phase-locked loop is an electronic circuit that generates one or more periodic (clock) output signals.
• a PLL adjusts the frequency of a feedback signal from the output of an oscillator to match in phase the frequency of an input reference clock signal.
• Phase-locked loops are an essential building block of many integrated circuits, providing periodic signals for data recovery, data transfer, and other clocking functions.
• a circuit comprises a programmable regulator and an oscillator.
• the programmable regulator generates a regulated supply voltage using an input voltage and changes the regulated supply voltage from a first voltage to a second voltage in response to a first control signal.
• the first and the second voltages are generated using charge from the input voltage.
• the regulated supply voltage drives the oscillator.
• the oscillator varies a frequency of a periodic output signal within a frequency range in response to changes in a control voltage.
• the frequency range of the periodic output signal varies when the first control signal causes the regulated supply voltage to change from the first voltage to the second voltage.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a phase-locked loop (PLL), according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• PLL phase-locked loop
• FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an inductor-capacitor (LC) quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• LC inductor-capacitor
• QVCO quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a LC-QVCO, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a programmable voltage regulator that can be used to generate a regulated supply voltage for an oscillator circuit, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a specific example of a programmable current source in a programmable regulator, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6A is a graph plotting examples of variations in the frequency range of the output clock signals of an oscillator that occur as a result of changing the regulated supply voltage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6B is a graph plotting examples of variations in the phase noise of the output clock signals of an oscillator that occur as a result of changing the regulated supply voltage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a simplified partial block diagram of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that can include aspects of the present invention.
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an exemplary digital system that can embody techniques of the present invention.
• FIG. 1 illustrates a phase-locked loop (PLL) 100 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• PLL 100 is merely one example of a phase-locked loop that can include embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that embodiments of the present invention can be used in PLLs having numerous other configurations.
• PLL 100 is typically fabricated on an integrated circuit, such as an application specific integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, or a programmable logic device.
• PLL 100 is a feedback loop circuit that includes a phase-frequency detector circuit 101 , a charge pump circuit 102 , a loop filter circuit 103 , a voltage-controlled oscillator circuit 104 , programmable regulator circuit 105 , and a frequency divider circuit 106 .
• Phase-frequency detector (PFD) 101 compares the phase and the frequency of an input reference clock signal (RefClk) to the phase and the frequency of a feedback clock signal (FClk) generated by frequency divider 106 .
• RefClk input reference clock signal
• FClk feedback clock signal
• Phase-frequency detector 101 generates UP and DN (down) error signals that are indicative of the differences between the phases and the frequencies of the input reference clock signal RefClk and the feedback clock signal FClk.
• the UP and DN error signals are transmitted to charge pump 102 .
• Charge pump 102 converts the UP and DN error signals into a control voltage V CTRL that is transmitted to voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 104 .
• Loop filter 103 is a low pass filter that attenuates high frequency components of control voltage V CTRL .
• Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 104 generates four periodic output clock signals.
• the phases of the four output clock signals are offset by 90 degrees relative to the two adjacent phases.
• the phase of the first output clock signal is 0°
• the phase of the second output clock signal is 90°
• the phase of the third output clock signal is 180°
• the phase of the fourth output clock signal is 270°.
• VCO 104 varies the frequency of its four output clock signals within a frequency range in response to changes in the control voltage V CTRL .
• the frequency range of VCO 104 refers to the range of frequencies that VCO 104 generates for its output clock signals in response to control voltage V CTRL varying across its full voltage range.
• the frequency range of the four VCO output clock signals is set based on a regulated supply voltage V REG generated by programmable regulator 105 .
• PLL 100 can have a current-controlled oscillator or another type of oscillator, instead of VCO 104 .
• Frequency divider 106 divides the frequency of the 0° output clock signal to generate feedback clock signal FClk.
• Frequency divider 106 can, for example, be a divide-by-N counter circuit.
• Frequency divider 106 allows VCO 104 to generate output clock signals having frequencies greater than the frequency of the input reference clock signal RefClk.
• PLL 100 adjusts the control voltage V CTRL until both the phase and the frequency of feedback clock signal FClk match the phase and the frequency of reference clock signal RefClk.
• Programmable regulator 105 receives an input supply voltage VDD and provides a constant regulated supply voltage V REG to VCO 104 , even when the input supply voltage is noisy. Programmable regulator 105 selects the voltage of V REG in response to the logic states of three digital control signals CS 1 , CS 2 , and CS 3 . Control signals CS 1 -CS 3 can, for example, be generated in response to configuration data stored in memory in a field programmable gate array (FPGA).
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an inductor-capacitor (LC) quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• QVCO 200 shown in FIG. 2 is an example of VCO 104 shown in FIG. 1 .
• QVCO 200 includes two core LC-VCO circuits 201 and 202 .
• QVCO 200 generates four digital clock (periodic) signals that are within a desired frequency range, e.g., 10 gigabits per second (Gbps).
• Differential LC-VCO circuits 201 and 202 are identical and are connected to each other.
• the inputs and the outputs of oscillator 201 are cross-coupled to the outputs and inputs oscillator 202 , respectively, as shown in FIG. 2 .
• the oscillator phase delays of LC-VCOs 201 and 202 are forced to synchronize with each other.
• VCO 201 generates a first output clock signal having a relative phase of 0° and a second output clock signal having a relative phase of 180°.
• VCO 202 generates a third output clock signal having a relative phase of 90° and a fourth output clock signal having a relative phase of 270°.
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a LC-QVCO 300 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• LC-QVCO 300 (also referred to herein as QVCO 300 or VCO 300 ) is an example of an architecture that can be used to implement LC-QVCO 200 in FIG. 2 and VCO 104 in FIG. 1 .
• QVCO 300 includes p-channel metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) 301 - 304 and 311 - 314 , n-channel MOSFETs 305 - 306 and 315 - 316 , inductors 307 and 317 , and varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 .
• the transistors in QVCO 300 can be, for example, thin oxide transistors that have oxide widths of about 17 angstroms.
• Varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 are capacitors that have a variable capacitance. Varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 can be, for example, reverse-biased diodes. The capacitance of each varactor 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 varies in response to changes in the voltage across the varactor. Charge pump 102 generates a control voltage V CTRL that is transmitted to a terminal of each of the varactors 308 , 309 , 318 , and 319 as shown in FIG. 3 . The capacitance of the varactors varies in response to changes in V CTRL . The inductances of the inductors 307 and 317 in FIG. 3 are constant.
• QVCO 300 includes VCOs 201 and 202 .
• Circuits 301 - 309 form the first LC-VCO 201
• circuits 311 - 319 form the second LC-VCO 202 .
• the gate of p-channel MOSFET 304 is coupled to the first output node 323 of VCO 202 at inductor 317 and varactor 318 .
• the gate of p-channel MOSFET 301 is coupled to the second output node 324 of VCO 202 at inductor 317 and varactor 319 .
• VCO 202 generates a digital clock signal CLK 90 having a 90° phase at the first output node 323 and a digital clock signal CLK 270 having a 270° phase at the second output node 324 .
• the gate of p-channel MOSFET 311 is coupled to the first output node 321 of VCO 201 at inductor 307 and varactor 308 .
• the gate of p-channel MOSFET 314 is coupled to the second output node 322 of VCO 201 at inductor 307 and varactor 309 .
• VCO 201 generates a digital clock signal CLK 0 having a 0° phase at the first output node 321 and a digital clock signal CLK 180 having a 180° phase at the second output node 322 .
• Transistors 301 - 306 and 311 - 316 turn on and off to generate these four digital output clock signals.
• P-channel MOSFETs 302 and 303 are cross-coupled.
• P-channel MOSFETs 312 and 313 are cross-coupled.
• N-channel MOSFETs 305 and 306 are cross-coupled.
• N-channel MOSFETs 315 and 316 are cross-coupled.
• the crossed coupled p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs create an active element that compensates for the resistive losses of the inductors 307 and 317 and the varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 .
• the sources of transistors 301 - 304 and 311 - 314 are coupled to receive a regulated supply voltage V REG from programmable regulator 105 .
• the sources of transistors 305 - 306 and 315 - 316 are coupled to a common ground voltage.
• An example of a width-to-length (W/L) channel ratio for each of transistors 304 and 305 is 20/0.18 micrometers ( ⁇ m).
• An example W/L channel ratio for transistor 302 is 40/0.18 ⁇ m.
• the inductors and the varactors in QVCO 300 form a parallel resonance LC tank.
• the LC tank locates its oscillating frequency F OSC as the capacitance of each of the varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 is tuned by the control voltage V CTRL .
• the frequency range of the four output clock signals of QVCO 300 is shown in equations (1) and (2).
• F OSC,MIN refers to the minimum operating frequency of the output clock signals of QVCO 300
• F OSC,MAX refers to the maximum operating frequency of the output clock signals of QVCO 300
• L is the inductance of inductors 307 and 317
• C VAR,MAX is the maximum capacitance of varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319
• C VAR,MIN is the minimum capacitance of varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 .
• optimization of the frequency range of the output clock signals of QVCO 300 in a PLL is crucial for some applications. It is also important to optimize the tuning range phase noise performance of the output clock signals of QVCO 300 .
• a few parameters can be adjusted to achieve a wide frequency range. These parameters include the quality (Q) factor of the inductors 307 and 317 and varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 , the simulated design sizes of the inductors 307 and 317 and the varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 , and the maximum tunable range of the varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 .
• control voltage range of V CTRL from charge pump 102 should be maximized in order to be able to achieve the maximum frequency range performance from varactors 308 - 309 and 318 - 319 .
• charge pump 102 should be able to generate the minimum and maximum values of the control voltage V CTRL .
• MOSFETs 301 - 306 and 311 - 316 increase the inductive and capacitive (LC) tank parasitics.
• the amount of average current passing through the transistors in QVCO 300 applies to the metal thickness of the connections, which may increase the LC tank parasitic as well.
• Imperfect modeling of the inductance values of inductors 307 and 317 , any unexpected LC parasitics in QVCO 300 , and process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations of the integrated circuit can cause the center frequency and the frequency range of the output clock signals of QVCO 300 to shift.
• the center frequency is the midpoint of the frequency range.
• Inductive and capacitive (LC) parasitics in QVCO 300 have a particularly significant impact on the frequency range at large output clock signal frequencies.
• a programmable regulator is used to re-center the center frequency of the output clock signals of QVCO 300 , while maintaining the output frequency range within a design specification.
• These benefits can be achieved without adding a second tuning knob to QVCO 300 .
• a second tuning knob can cause phase noise degradation.
• Programmable regulator 105 allows QVCO 300 to generate high frequency output clock signals, e.g., 6 GHz or more.
• FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a programmable voltage regulator that generates a supply voltage for an oscillator circuit, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• Programmable voltage regulator 400 in FIG. 4 is an example of programmable regulator 105 shown in FIG. 1 .
• Programmable voltage regulator 400 can be located on the same integrated circuit as the other components of PLL 100 .
• Programmable voltage regulator 400 includes a programmable current source 401 , resistors 404 and 408 , capacitors 403 , 409 and 411 , operational amplifier 405 , n-channel MOSFETs 406 - 407 , and constant current source 410 .
• MOSFETs 406 and 407 are coupled in series between input supply voltage VDD (e.g., 3 volts) and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 104 .
• Transistors 406 and 407 are thick oxide transistors (e.g., having gate thicknesses of 55 angstroms each). Transistors 406 and 407 can be, for example, native devices with low threshold voltages (e.g., about 0 volts).
• the sources of transistors 301 - 304 and 311 - 314 in VCO 104 / 300 are coupled to receive a regulated supply voltage V REG from the source of transistor 407 .
• Transistor 406 , resistor 408 , capacitor 409 , and current source 410 are an active RC low pass filter. Resistor 408 is coupled between VDD and the gate of transistor 406 . Capacitor 409 is coupled between the gate of transistor 406 and ground. Current source 410 is coupled between the gate of transistor 406 and ground.
• Input supply voltage VDD is coupled to provide current to numerous other circuit elements that are fabricated on the same integrated circuit as PLL 100 .
• the other circuit elements draw a variable amount of current that causes noise (e.g., 50 millivolts) in input supply voltage VDD.
• Current source 410 generates a constant current that flows from VDD through resistor 408 to ground. Constant current source 410 maintains the voltage drop across resistor 408 constant.
• the voltage on capacitor 409 at the gate of transistor 406 fluctuates in response to the noise in input supply voltage VDD.
• the source voltage (e.g., 2 volts) of transistor 406 is low enough so that transistor 406 remains in saturation despite fluctuations in input supply voltage VDD. As a result, the current through transistor 406 stays constant or fluctuates by only a small percentage in response to noise in VDD.
• Operational amplifier 405 , programmable current source 401 , capacitor 403 , resistor 404 , and n-channel transistor 407 are an active voltage regulator circuit.
• the active voltage regulator circuit generates a constant, low noise supply voltage V REG on capacitor 411 at the source of transistor 407 for providing current to VCO 104 .
• the noise on V REG may be 3 millivolts.
• Programmable regulator 400 has a very large power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) (e.g., less than ⁇ 50 dBV) over a wide frequency range of the noise in VDD.
• PSRR power supply rejection ratio
• the non-inverting (+) input of amplifier 405 is coupled to current source 401 , capacitor 403 , and resistor 404 at node 402 . Resistor 404 and capacitor 403 are coupled in parallel and to a common ground voltage.
• the inverting ( ⁇ ) input of amplifier 405 is coupled to the source of transistor 407 , capacitor 411 , and VCO 104 .
• the output of amplifier 405 is coupled to the gate of transistor 407 .
• Programmable current source 401 generates an output current that flows through resistor 404 to ground to generate a reference voltage V REF at the non-inverting input of amplifier 405 .
• Reference voltage V REF equals the voltage drop across resistor 404 .
• Amplifier 405 is a unity gain amplifier that adjusts its output voltage to minimize or eliminate the voltage differential between its two input terminals. Amplifier 405 sets the current through transistor 407 to cause supply voltage V REG to be approximately equal to reference voltage V REF .
• the voltage difference between V REG and V REF is typically small (e.g., 10 millivolts).
• the active voltage regulator circuit in programmable regulator 400 generates a regulated and constant supply voltage V REG on capacitor 411 .
• V REG drives voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 104 .
• VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
• Voltages V REF and V REG are set based on the output current generated by programmable current source 401 .
• Programmable current source 401 generates an output current in response to three digital control signals CS 1 , CS 2 , and CS 3 .
• Programmable current source 401 adjusts its output current in response to a change in the logic state of one or more of control signals CS 1 -CS 3 , which causes voltage V REF to change.
• amplifier 405 and transistor 407 adjust V REG to match the new voltage of V REF .
• Programmable voltage regulator 400 controls the supply voltage V REG provided to VCO 104 .
• the logic states of control signals CS 1 -CS 3 can be changed to cause regulator 400 to increase or decrease voltage V REG .
• the 3 control signals CS 1 -CS 3 can generate 8 different 3-bit control states.
• the output voltage V REG of programmable regulator 400 can be set to one of 5, 6, 7, or 8 different discrete (non-continuous) voltages between 1.0 volt and 1.5 volts in response to changes in the logic states of input control signals CS 1 -CS 3 .
• the discrete voltages of V REG can be, for example, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 volts. These examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
• the center frequency and the frequency range of the output clock signals of QVCO 300 can shift from ideal values in response to imperfect modeling of the inductances of inductors 307 and 317 , unexpected parasitic inductances and capacitances in QVCO 300 , and variations in the process, the supply voltage, and the temperature (PVT) of the integrated circuit.
• Programmable regulator 105 / 400 can adjust the center frequency and the frequency range of the output clock signals of QVCO 104 / 300 by changing the regulated supply voltage V REG .
• Programmable regulator 105 / 400 can, for example, add an extra 8-10% of frequency range for re-centering the center frequency of QVCO 104 / 300 .
• FIG. 5 illustrates a specific example of programmable current source 401 in programmable voltage regulator 400 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• Programmable current source 401 includes constant current source 501 , n-channel MOSFETs 502 - 503 , p-channel MOSFETs 504 - 508 , and switches 511 - 513 .
• the drain of transistor 502 is coupled to current source 501 , the gate of transistor 502 , and the gate of transistor 503 .
• the sources of transistors 502 and 503 are coupled to a common ground.
• N-channel MOSFETs 502 - 503 are coupled to form a current mirror circuit.
• Current source 501 generates a constant current that is the reference current for the current mirror circuit.
• the reference current generated by current source 501 is mirrored to transistor 503 , according to the relative width-to-length (W/L) channel ratios of transistors 502 and 503 .
• the drain of transistor 504 is coupled to the drain of transistor 503 , the gate of transistor 504 , and the gate of transistor 505 .
• the drain current of transistor 504 equals the drain current of transistor 503 .
• the sources of transistors 504 - 508 are coupled to input supply voltage VDD.
• the gate and drain of transistor 504 are coupled to the gate of transistor 506 when switch 511 is closed.
• the conductive state of switch 511 is controlled by the logic state of control signal CS 1 .
• the gate and drain of transistor 504 are coupled to the gate of transistor 507 when switch 512 is closed.
• the conductive state of switch 512 is controlled by the logic state of control signal CS 2 .
• the gate and drain of transistor 504 are coupled to the gate of transistor 508 when switch 513 is closed.
• the conductive state of switch 513 is controlled by the logic state of control signal CS 3 .
• Switch 511 is closed and conducting current when control signal CS 1 is a logic high, and switch 511 is open and blocking current flow when control signal CS 1 is a logic low.
• Switch 512 is closed and conducting current when control signal CS 2 is a logic high, and switch 512 is open and blocking current flow when control signal CS 2 is a logic low.
• Switch 513 is closed and conducting current when control signal CS 3 is a logic high, and switch 513 is open and blocking current flow when control signal CS 3 is a logic low.
• P-channel transistors 504 - 508 form a current mirror circuit when switches 511 , 512 , and 513 are closed.
• the drain current of transistor 504 is mirrored to transistor 505 , according to the relative width-to-length (W/L) channel ratios of transistors 504 and 505 .
• W/L width-to-length
• switch 511 When switch 511 is closed, the drain current of transistor 504 is mirrored to transistor 506 , according to the relative W/L channel ratios of transistors 504 and 506 .
• switch 512 When switch 512 is closed, the drain current of transistor 504 is mirrored to transistor 507 , according to the relative W/L channel ratios of transistors 504 and 507 .
• the drain current of transistor 504 is mirrored to transistor 508 , according to the relative W/L channel ratios of transistors 504 and 508 .
• the relative W/L channel ratios of transistors 504 , 505 , 506 , 507 , and 508 can be, for example, 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, and 5X, respectively, where X is the W/L channel ratio of transistor 504 .
• the current generated by each of transistors 505 - 508 is a multiple of the drain current of transistor 504 .
• Control signals CS 1 -CS 3 can close one or more of switches 511 - 513 , respectively, to increase the current through resistor 404 , which increases the voltage drop across resistor 404 .
• Control signals CS 1 -CS 3 can open or more of switches 511 - 513 , respectively, to decrease the current through resistor 404 , which decreases the voltage drop across resistor 404 .
• V REG The voltage drop across resistor 404 equals V REF .
• amplifier 405 regulates the current through transistor 407 to cause V REG to be approximately equal to V REF .
• V REG changes from a first discrete voltage to a second discrete voltage that is different from the first discrete voltage. For example, as the total current through transistors 505 - 508 increases in response to a change in the logic state(s) of one or more of control signals CS 1 -CS 3 , V REF and V REG increase to larger voltages.
• V REF and V REG decrease to smaller voltages.
• the regulated supply voltage V REG generated by programmable regulator 400 is adjusted in discrete voltage increments by changing the logic state(s) of one or more of control signals CS 1 -CS 3 .
• Current from input voltage VDD is used to provide charge to each of the discrete voltages of V REG that are generated by regulator 400 in response to control signals CS 1 -CS 3 .
• the center frequency and the frequency range of the periodic output clock signals of VCO 104 vary when the control signals CS 1 -CS 3 cause the regulated supply voltage V REG generated by programmable regulator 105 / 400 to change from a first voltage to a second voltage that is different than the first voltage.
• the changes in voltage V REG cause the capacitances of the varactors in QVCO 300 to vary by amounts that shift the center frequency and/or the frequency range of the QVCO 300 output clock signals.
• Programmable regulator 105 / 400 can be programmed to vary V REG to cause the center frequency and/or the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 104 / 300 to shift in order to compensate for shifts in the center frequency and/or the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 104 / 300 that are caused by PVT variations, imperfect modeling of the inductors, parasitic inductances and capacitances in VCO 104 / 300 , etc.
• Programmable regulator 105 / 400 allows the capacitances of the varactors VCO 104 / 300 to vary over a wider range.
• programmable current source 401 can have two, three, five, or more current source transistors, and one, two, four, or more switches controlled by a corresponding number of control signals.
• FIG. 6A is a graph showing examples of variations in the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 104 / 300 that occur as a result of changing the regulated supply voltage V REG generated by programmable regulator 400 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the output voltage V CTRL of charge pump 102 varies from a minimum of 0.4 volts to a maximum of 1.3 volts.
• FIG. 6A illustrates two curves that plot variations in the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 104 / 300 over a range of voltages of V REG from 1.0-1.5 volts when V CTRL equals 1.3 volts and when V CTRL equals 0.4 volts.
• the frequencies of the VCO output clock signals are 6.240 GHz (gigahertz) when V REG is 1.0 volts and V CTRL is 1.3 volts.
• the frequencies of the VCO output clock signals are 4.723 GHz when V REG is 1.0 volts and V CTRL is 0.4 volts.
• the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 300 varies between a maximum frequency of 6.240 GHz and a minimum frequency of 4.723 GHz when V REG equals 1.0 volts, as shown in FIG. 6A .
• the frequencies of the VCO output clock signals are 5.712 GHz when V REG is 1.5 volts and V CTRL is 1.3 volts.
• the frequencies of the VCO output clock signals are 4.504 GHz when V REG is 1.5 volts and V CTRL is 0.4 volts.
• the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 300 varies between a maximum frequency of 5.712 GHz and a minimum frequency of 4.504 GHz when V REG equals 1.5 volts, as shown in FIG. 6A .
• the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 300 shifts up to larger frequencies or down to lower frequencies in response to changes in V REG .
• the center frequency of the VCO output clock signals changes with the frequency range.
• Programmable regulator 400 can shift the frequency range of the output clock signals of VCO 300 to match a desired user specification.
• FIG. 6B is a graph showing examples of variations in the phase noise of the output clock signals of VCO 104 / 300 that occur as a result of changing the regulated supply voltage V REG generated by programmable regulator 400 , according to an embodiment of the present invention.
• the phase noise refers to the phase jitter of the output clock signals of VCO 300 in the frequency domain.
• the output voltage V CTRL of charge pump 102 varies from a minimum of 0.4 volts to a maximum of 1.3 volts.
• VCO 104 / 300 illustrates two curves that plot variations in the phase noise of VCO 104 / 300 over a range of voltages of V REG from 1.0-1.5 volts when V CTRL equals 1.3 volts and when V CTRL equals 0.4 volts.
• a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit can include QVCO 300 and a programmable regulator 400 that adjusts the regulated supply voltage V REG provided to QVCO 300 .
• programmable regulator 400 provides a variable supply voltage V REG to a current-starving voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) having a ring of delay circuits that receive the regulated supply voltage V REG .
• VCO current-starving voltage-controlled oscillator
• programmable regulator 400 provides a programmable regulated supply voltage to a single tank LC-VCO.
• programmable regulator 400 provides a programmable regulated supply voltage to a ring voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
• VCO programmable V REG frequency range widening techniques can be applied to all types of LC-VCO and ring-VCO designs.
• VCO 104 can be a single tank LC-VCO, a quadrature tank LC-VCO, a ring VCO, or another type of VCO.
• FIG. 7 is a simplified partial block diagram of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) 700 that can include aspects of the present invention.
• FPGA 700 is merely one example of an integrated circuit that can include features of the present invention. It should be understood that embodiments of the present invention can be used in numerous types of integrated circuits such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
• FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
• PLDs programmable logic devices
• CPLDs complex programmable logic devices
• PLAs programmable logic arrays
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• FPGA 700 includes a two-dimensional array of programmable logic array blocks (or LABs) 702 that are interconnected by a network of column and row interconnect conductors of varying length and speed.
• LABs 702 include multiple (e.g., 10) logic elements (or LEs).
• a LE is a programmable logic block that provides for efficient implementation of user defined logic functions.
• a FPGA has numerous logic elements that can be configured to implement various combinatorial and sequential functions.
• the logic elements have access to a programmable interconnect structure.
• the programmable interconnect structure can be programmed to interconnect the logic elements in almost any desired configuration.
• FPGA 700 also includes a distributed memory structure including random access memory (RAM) blocks of varying sizes provided throughout the array.
• RAM random access memory
• the RAM blocks include, for example, blocks 704 , blocks 706 , and block 708 .
• These memory blocks can also include shift registers and FIFO buffers.
• FPGA 700 further includes digital signal processing (DSP) blocks 710 that can implement, for example, multipliers with add or subtract features.
• DSP digital signal processing
• IOE Input/output element
• FPGA 700 located, in this example, around the periphery of the chip support numerous single-ended and differential input/output standards. Each IOE 712 is coupled to an external terminal of FPGA 700 . It is to be understood that FPGA 700 is described herein for illustrative purposes only and that the present invention can be implemented in many different types of PLDs, FPGAs, and ASICs.
• FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an exemplary digital system 800 that can embody techniques of the present invention.
• System 800 can be a programmed digital computer system, digital signal processing system, specialized digital switching network, or other processing system. Moreover, such systems can be designed for a wide variety of applications such as telecommunications systems, automotive systems, control systems, consumer electronics, personal computers, Internet communications and networking, and others. Further, system 800 can be provided on a single board, on multiple boards, or within multiple enclosures.
• System 800 includes a processing unit 802 , a memory unit 804 , and an input/output (I/O) unit 806 interconnected together by one or more buses.
• FPGA 808 is embedded in processing unit 802 .
• FPGA 808 can serve many different purposes within the system in FIG. 8 .
• FPGA 808 can, for example, be a logical building block of processing unit 802 , supporting its internal and external operations.
• FPGA 808 is programmed to implement the logical functions necessary to carry on its particular role in system operation.
• FPGA 808 can be specially coupled to memory 804 through connection 810 and to I/O unit 806 through connection 812 .
• Processing unit 802 can direct data to an appropriate system component for processing or storage, execute a program stored in memory 804 , receive and transmit data via I/O unit 806 , or other similar function.
• Processing unit 802 can be a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, floating point coprocessor, graphics coprocessor, hardware controller, microcontroller, field programmable gate array programmed for use as a controller, network controller, or any type of processor or controller. Furthermore, in many embodiments, there is often no need for a CPU.
• FPGA 808 can control the logical operations of the system.
• FPGA 808 acts as a reconfigurable processor that can be reprogrammed as needed to handle a particular computing task.
• FPGA 808 can itself include an embedded microprocessor.
• Memory unit 804 can be a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), fixed or flexible disk media, flash memory, tape, or any other storage means, or any combination of these storage means.

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