Normal tension glaucoma—a practical approach
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (131.4 KB).
Figure 1 .
Algorithm for the practical management of a patient with confirmed or suspected normal tension glaucoma.
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abedin S., Simmons R. J., Grant W. M. Progressive low-tension glaucoma: treatment to stop glaucomatous cupping and field loss when these progress despite normal intraocular pressure. Ophthalmology. 1982 Jan;89(1):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Araie M. Pattern of visual field defects in normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995 Apr;6(2):36–45. doi: 10.1097/00055735-199504000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Araie M., Sekine M., Suzuki Y., Koseki N. Factors contributing to the progression of visual field damage in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1994 Aug;101(8):1440–1444. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31153-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bhandari A., Crabb D. P., Poinoosawmy D., Fitzke F. W., Hitchings R. A., Noureddin B. N. Effect of surgery on visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997 Jul;104(7):1131–1137. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30172-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Butt Z., McKillop G., O'Brien C., Allan P., Aspinall P. Measurement of ocular blood flow velocity using colour Doppler imaging in low tension glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 1995;9(Pt 1):29–33. doi: 10.1038/eye.1995.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Caprioli J., Prum B., Zeyen T. Comparison of methods to evaluate the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer for glaucomatous change. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jun;121(6):659–667. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70632-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Caprioli J., Sears M., Spaeth G. L. Comparison of visual field defects in normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986 Sep 15;102(3):402–404. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90028-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Caprioli J., Spaeth G. L. Comparison of the optic nerve head in high- and low-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Aug;103(8):1145–1149. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050080057020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Caprioli J., Spaeth G. L. Comparison of visual field defects in the low-tension glaucomas with those in the high-tension glaucomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984 Jun;97(6):730–737. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90505-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carter C. J., Brooks D. E., Doyle D. L., Drance S. M. Investigations into a vascular etiology for low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1990 Jan;97(1):49–55. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32627-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cartwright M. J., Anderson D. R. Correlation of asymmetric damage with asymmetric intraocular pressure in normal-tension glaucoma (low-tension glaucoma). Arch Ophthalmol. 1988 Jul;106(7):898–900. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1988.01060140044020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chauhan B. C., Drance S. M., Douglas G. R., Johnson C. A. Visual field damage in normal-tension and high-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 Dec 15;108(6):636–642. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(89)90854-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coffey M., Reidy A., Wormald R., Xian W. X., Wright L., Courtney P. Prevalence of glaucoma in the west of Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993 Jan;77(1):17–21. doi: 10.1136/bjo.77.1.17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Collignon-Brach J. Longterm effect of topical beta-blockers on intraocular pressure and visual field sensitivity in ocular hypertension and chronic open-angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994 May;38 (Suppl):S149–S155. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(94)90059-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corbett J. J., Phelps C. D., Eslinger P., Montague P. R. The neurologic evaluation of patients with low-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Aug;26(8):1101–1104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crichton A., Drance S. M., Douglas G. R., Schulzer M. Unequal intraocular pressure and its relation to asymmetric visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1989 Sep;96(9):1312–1314. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(89)32721-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Diggory P., Franks W. Medical treatment of glaucoma--a reappraisal of the risks. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan;80(1):85–89. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.1.85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drance S. M., Douglas G. R., Wijsman K., Schulzer M., Britton R. J. Response of blood flow to warm and cold in normal and low-tension glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988 Jan 15;105(1):35–39. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(88)90118-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drance S. M. Low-tension glaucoma. Enigma and opportunity. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985 Aug;103(8):1131–1133. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050080043016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drance S. M. Some factors in the production of low tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972 Mar;56(3):229–242. doi: 10.1136/bjo.56.3.229. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drance S. M., Sweeney V. P., Morgan R. W., Feldman F. Studies of factors involved in the production of low tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973 Jun;89(6):457–465. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1973.01000040459003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fitzke F. W., Hitchings R. A., Poinoosawmy D., McNaught A. I., Crabb D. P. Analysis of visual field progression in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan;80(1):40–48. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.1.40. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Geijssen H. C., Greve E. L. Vascular concepts in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995 Apr;6(2):71–77. doi: 10.1097/00055735-199504000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gliklich R. E., Steinmann W. C., Spaeth G. L. Visual field change in low-tension glaucoma over a five-year follow-up. Ophthalmology. 1989 Mar;96(3):316–320. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(89)33070-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldberg I., Hollows F. C., Kass M. A., Becker B. Systemic factors in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981 Jan;65(1):56–62. doi: 10.1136/bjo.65.1.56. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graham S. L., Drance S. M., Wijsman K., Douglas G. R., Mikelberg F. S. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in glaucoma. The nocturnal dip. Ophthalmology. 1995 Jan;102(1):61–69. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)31053-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greve E. L., Rulo A. H., Drance S. M., Crichton A. C., Mills R. P., Hoyng P. F. Reduced intraocular pressure and increased ocular perfusion pressure in normal tension glaucoma: a review of short-term studies with three dose regimens of latanoprost treatment. Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Feb;41 (Suppl 2):S89–S92. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6257(97)80013-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haefliger I. O., Hitchings R. A. Relationship between asymmetry of visual field defects and intraocular pressure difference in an untreated normal (low) tension glaucoma population. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1990 Oct;68(5):564–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1990.tb04788.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamard P., Hamard H., Dufaux J., Quesnot S. Optic nerve head blood flow using a laser Doppler velocimeter and haemorheology in primary open angle glaucoma and normal pressure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Jun;78(6):449–453. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.6.449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hayreh S. S., Zimmerman M. B., Podhajsky P., Alward W. L. Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994 May 15;117(5):603–624. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70067-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hitchings R. A., Anderton S. A. A comparative study of visual field defects seen in patients with low-tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983 Dec;67(12):818–821. doi: 10.1136/bjo.67.12.818. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hitchings R. A. Low tension glaucoma--its place in modern glaucoma practice. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992 Aug;76(8):494–496. doi: 10.1136/bjo.76.8.494. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hitchings R. A. Therapeutic rationale for normal-tension glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1995 Apr;6(2):67–70. doi: 10.1097/00055735-199504000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hitchings R. A., Wu J., Poinoosawmy D., McNaught A. Surgery for normal tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995 May;79(5):402–406. doi: 10.1136/bjo.79.5.402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Javitt J. C., Spaeth G. L., Katz L. J., Poryzees E., Addiego R. Acquired pits of the optic nerve. Increased prevalence in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1990 Aug;97(8):1038–1044. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32466-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joist J. H., Lichtenfeld P., Mandell A. I., Kolker A. E. Platelet function, blood coagulability, and fibrinolysis in patients with low tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976 Nov;94(11):1893–1895. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1976.03910040603002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaiser H. J., Flammer J., Stümpfig D., Hendrickson P. Longterm visual field follow-up of glaucoma patients treated with beta-blockers. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994 May;38 (Suppl):S156–S160. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(94)90060-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kanellopoulos A. J., Erickson K. A., Netland P. A. Systemic calcium channel blockers and glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 1996 Oct;5(5):357–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- King D., Drance S. M., Douglas G., Schulzer M., Wijsman K. Comparison of visual field defects in normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986 Feb 15;101(2):204–207. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90596-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kitazawa Y., Shirai H., Go F. J. The effect of Ca2(+) -antagonist on visual field in low-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1989;227(5):408–412. doi: 10.1007/BF02172889. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kitazawa Y., Shirato S., Yamamoto T. Optic disc hemorrhage in low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1986 Jun;93(6):853–857. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33658-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein B. E., Klein R., Sponsel W. E., Franke T., Cantor L. B., Martone J., Menage M. J. Prevalence of glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992 Oct;99(10):1499–1504. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31774-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levene R. Z. Low tension glaucoma: a critical review and new material. Surv Ophthalmol. 1980 May-Jun;24(6):621–664. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(80)90123-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McNaught A. I., Crabb D. P., Fitzke F. W., Hitchings R. A. Modelling series of visual fields to detect progression in normal-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995 Dec;233(12):750–755. doi: 10.1007/BF00184085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meyer J. H., Brandi-Dohrn J., Funk J. Twenty four hour blood pressure monitoring in normal tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Oct;80(10):864–867. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.10.864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller K. M., Quigley H. A. Comparison of optic disc features in low-tension and typical open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987 Dec;18(12):882–889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Motolko M., Drance S. M., Douglas G. R. Visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma. Comparison of defects in low-tension glaucoma and chronic open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982 Jul;100(7):1074–1077. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040052005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Netland P. A., Chaturvedi N., Dreyer E. B. Calcium channel blockers in the management of low-tension and open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993 May 15;115(5):608–613. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71458-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Noureddin B. N., Poinoosawmy D., Fietzke F. W., Hitchings R. A. Regression analysis of visual field progression in low tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991 Aug;75(8):493–495. doi: 10.1136/bjo.75.8.493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Brien C., Butt Z., Ludlam C., Detkova P. Activation of the coagulation cascade in untreated primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997 Apr;104(4):725–730. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30245-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ong K., Farinelli A., Billson F., Houang M., Stern M. Comparative study of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with low-tension glaucoma and control subjects. Ophthalmology. 1995 Nov;102(11):1632–1638. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30816-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Park K. H., Tomita G., Liou S. Y., Kitazawa Y. Correlation between peripapillary atrophy and optic nerve damage in normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1996 Nov;103(11):1899–1906. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30409-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pederson J. E., Anderson D. R. The mode of progressive disc cupping in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980 Mar;98(3):490–495. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030486010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Phelps C. D., Corbett J. J. Migraine and low-tension glaucoma. A case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Aug;26(8):1105–1108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quigley H. A. Number of people with glaucoma worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 May;80(5):389–393. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.5.389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Radius R. L., Maumenee A. E., Green W. R. Pit-like changes of the optic nerve head in open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978 Jun;62(6):389–393. doi: 10.1136/bjo.62.6.389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rulo A. H., Greve E. L., Geijssen H. C., Hoyng P. F. Reduction of intraocular pressure with treatment of latanoprost once daily in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8):1276–1282. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30510-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawada A., Kitazawa Y., Yamamoto T., Okabe I., Ichien K. Prevention of visual field defect progression with brovincamine in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1996 Feb;103(2):283–288. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30703-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schulzer M. Intraocular pressure reduction in normal-tension glaucoma patients. The Normal Tension Glaucoma Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1992 Sep;99(9):1468–1470. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31782-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sebag J., Thomas J. V., Epstein D. L., Grant W. M. Optic disc cupping in arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy resembles glaucomatous cupping. Ophthalmology. 1986 Mar;93(3):357–361. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33735-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shiose Y., Kitazawa Y., Tsukahara S., Akamatsu T., Mizokami K., Futa R., Katsushima H., Kosaki H. Epidemiology of glaucoma in Japan--a nationwide glaucoma survey. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1991;35(2):133–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siegner S. W., Netland P. A. Optic disc hemorrhages and progression of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1996 Jul;103(7):1014–1024. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30572-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sommer A., Pollack I., Maumenee A. E. Optic disc parameters and onset of glaucomatous field loss. II. Static screening criteria. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979 Aug;97(8):1449–1454. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1979.01020020111003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stroman G. A., Stewart W. C., Golnik K. C., Curé J. K., Olinger R. E. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Feb;113(2):168–172. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100020050027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tezel G., Kass M. A., Kolker A. E., Wax M. B. Comparative optic disc analysis in normal pressure glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology. 1996 Dec;103(12):2105–2113. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30382-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trobe J. D., Glaser J. S., Cassady J. C. Optic atrophy. Differential diagnosis by fundus observation alone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980 Jun;98(6):1040–1045. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031030003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trobe J. D., Glaser J. S., Cassady J., Herschler J., Anderson D. R. Nonglaucomatous excavation of the optic disc. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980 Jun;98(6):1046–1050. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1980.01020031036004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tuulonen A., Airaksinen P. J. Optic disc size in exfoliative, primary open angle, and low-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992 Feb;110(2):211–213. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1992.01080140067029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Jong N., Greve E. L., Hoyng P. F., Geijssen H. C. Results of a filtering procedure in low tension glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol. 1989 Jan;13(1-2):131–138. doi: 10.1007/BF02028653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]