Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: the giant moas of New Zealand - PubMed

Bayesian tree constructed by using 658-bp control region sequences from 125 moa specimens under a GTR + I + G model of evolution. The tree is shown as a chronogram used in molecular dating by the program

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. Numbers at the branch tips identify the 14 major lineages as follows: 1, P. mappini, eastern North Island; 2, P. mappini, western North Island; 3, P. elephantopus, Canterbury and Otago; 4, P. australis;5, P. elephantopus, Southland; 6, Euryapteryx geranoides; 7, Emeus crassus; 8, Anomalopteryx didiformis; 9, Dinornis robustus; 10, Dinornis robustus, northwest Nelson; 11, Dinornis robustus, Otago; 12, Dinornis novaezealandiae; 13, Megalapteryx didinus; and 14, M. benhami?. Specimens are color-coded according to geographic locations plotted together with place names. Major mountain ranges are represented by peaks. Unfilled bars at the branch tips indicate specimens without locality data. Asterisks at the nodes indicate posterior probabilities (above the nodes) or maximum likelihood bootstrap values (below the nodes) of 1.0 and 100%, respectively. Letters at nodes refer to divergence times among lineages listed in Table 1. (Lower Insets) Extent of the New Zealand landmass and movement of tectonic plates from 25 mya to present (44). Faults, subduction zones, and seafloor spreading centers are shown in red.