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Protein microarrays: a chance to study microorganisms? - PubMed

Review

Protein microarrays: a chance to study microorganisms?

Jürgen Kreutzberger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Apr.

Abstract

Within the last 5 years, protein microarrays have been developed and applied to multiple approaches: identification of protein-protein interactions or protein-small molecule interactions, cancer profiling, detection of microorganisms and toxins, and identification of antibodies due to allergens, autoantigens, and pathogens. Protein microarrays are small size (typically in the microscopy slide format) planar analytical devices with probes arranged in high density to provide the ability to screen several hundred to thousand known substrates (e.g., proteins, peptides, antibodies) simultaneously. Due to their small size, only minute amounts of spotted probes and analytes (e.g., serum) are needed; this is a particularly important feature, for these are limited or expensive. In this review, different types of protein microarrays are reviewed: protein microarrays (PMAs), with spotted proteins or peptides; antibody microarrays (AMAs), with spotted antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., scFv); reverse phase protein microarrays (RPMAs), a special form of PMA where crude protein mixtures (e.g., cell lysates, fractions) are spotted; and nonprotein microarrays (NPMAs) where macromolecules other than proteins and nucleic acids (e.g., carbohydrates, monosaccharides, lipopolysaccharides) are spotted. In this study, exemplary experiments for all types of protein arrays are discussed wherever applicable with regard to investigations of microorganisms.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Possible identification of microorganisms. Microorganisms (dark blue symbols) will be fixed directly to coated microarrays (possible species-specific monosaccharides; light green in a and b). Alternatively, microorganisms can be bound via species-specific antibodies (black Ys in c–e). Direct detection with species-specific labeled antibodies (black Ys in a and c), sandwich assays with species-specific antibodies (black Ys), and secondary labeled antibodies (brown Ys with red or green stars in b and d) could be performed. With the MIST technology (Angenendt et al. 2003a,b), detection could be performed by using an antibody bound enzyme (blue circle bound to Ys) which activity converts a substrate (yellow) to a detectable product (green or red circle in e)

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