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Characterization of a latent virus-like infection of symbiotic zooxanthellae - PubMed

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Comparative Study

. 2007 May;73(9):2976-81.

doi: 10.1128/AEM.02449-06. Epub 2007 Mar 9.

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Comparative Study

Characterization of a latent virus-like infection of symbiotic zooxanthellae

Jayme Lohr et al. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 May.

Abstract

A latent virus-like agent, which we designated zooxanthella filamentous virus 1 (ZFV1), was isolated from Symbiodinium sp. strain CCMP 2465 and characterized. Transmission electron microscopy and analytical flow cytometry revealed the presence of a new group of distinctive filamentous virus-like particles after exposure of the zooxanthellae to UV light. Examination of thin sections of the zooxanthellae revealed the formation and proliferation of filamentous virus-like particles in the UV-induced cells. Assessment of Symbiodinium sp. cultures was used here as a model to show the effects of UV irradiance and induction of potential latent viruses. The unique host-virus system described here provides insight into the role of latent infections in zooxanthellae through environmentally regulated viral induction mechanisms.

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.

AFC analysis of VLPs induced following UV treatment of zooxanthella cultures. (A) AFC analysis of control culture of zooxanthellae, showing bacteria (cultures were nonaxenic). (B) AFC analysis of UV-treated culture (after 96 h), showing a new VLP group with high SSC (indicated by arrow). (C) CsCl gradient of the VLPs with a translucent white band at ca. 1.25 g cm−3. (D) AFC analysis of concentrated VLPs taken from the CsCl gradient, showing the presence of the high-SSC VLP group.

FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.

(A) Growth curves showing numbers of cells of zooxanthella strain CCMP 2465 ml−1 in control cultures (○) and UV-treated cultures (•), together with the numbers of the high-SSC VLPs ml−1 in the unirradiated control cultures (▵) and the UV-treated cultures (▴). (B) Concentrations of bacteria in the control cultures (□) and the UV-treated cultures (▪), together with the numbers of bacteriophage particles ml−1 (106) in the control cultures (⋄) and the UV-treated cultures (⧫). The error bars indicate the standard errors for measurements from triplicate cultures.

FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.

TEM images showing the morphology of the new VLP, ZFV1. The filamentous VLP is ca. 2 to 3 μm long. (A, C, D, and F) Images from spot grids containing unconcentrated lysate. Scale bars = 1 μm. (B and E) Images of VLPs concentrated on a CsCl gradient (shown in Fig. 1C). Scale bars = 200 nm.

FIG. 4.
FIG. 4.

TEM images showing the presence of filamentous VLPs in thin sections of zooxanthellae prepared 39 h (A and B) and 46 h (C and D) after induction with UV light. Scale bars = 3 μm (A), 200 nm (B), 2 μm (C), and 300 nm (D). The box in panel A indicates the area shown in panel B, and the box in panel C indicates the area shown in panel D. Chl, chloroplast; Nu, nucleus; Li, lipid vacuole.

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