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The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) - PubMed

doi: 10.1038/ng.654. Epub 2010 Aug 29.

Andrey Zharkikh, Jason Affourtit, Amit Dhingra, Alessandro Cestaro, Ananth Kalyanaraman, Paolo Fontana, Satish K Bhatnagar, Michela Troggio, Dmitry Pruss, Silvio Salvi, Massimo Pindo, Paolo Baldi, Sara Castelletti, Marina Cavaiuolo, Giuseppina Coppola, Fabrizio Costa, Valentina Cova, Antonio Dal Ri, Vadim Goremykin, Matteo Komjanc, Sara Longhi, Pierluigi Magnago, Giulia Malacarne, Mickael Malnoy, Diego Micheletti, Marco Moretto, Michele Perazzolli, Azeddine Si-Ammour, Silvia Vezzulli, Elena Zini, Glenn Eldredge, Lisa M Fitzgerald, Natalia Gutin, Jerry Lanchbury, Teresita Macalma, Jeff T Mitchell, Julia Reid, Bryan Wardell, Chinnappa Kodira, Zhoutao Chen, Brian Desany, Faheem Niazi, Melinda Palmer, Tyson Koepke, Derick Jiwan, Scott Schaeffer, Vandhana Krishnan, Changjun Wu, Vu T Chu, Stephen T King, Jessica Vick, Quanzhou Tao, Amy Mraz, Aimee Stormo, Keith Stormo, Robert Bogden, Davide Ederle, Alessandra Stella, Alberto Vecchietti, Martin M Kater, Simona Masiero, Pauline Lasserre, Yves Lespinasse, Andrew C Allan, Vincent Bus, David Chagné, Ross N Crowhurst, Andrew P Gleave, Enrico Lavezzo, Jeffrey A Fawcett, Sebastian Proost, Pierre Rouzé, Lieven Sterck, Stefano Toppo, Barbara Lazzari, Roger P Hellens, Charles-Eric Durel, Alexander Gutin, Roger E Bumgarner, Susan E Gardiner, Mark Skolnick, Michael Egholm, Yves Van de Peer, Francesco Salamini, Roberto Viola

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The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

Riccardo Velasco et al. Nat Genet. 2010 Oct.

Abstract

We report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica). We show that a relatively recent (>50 million years ago) genome-wide duplication (GWD) has resulted in the transition from nine ancestral chromosomes to 17 chromosomes in the Pyreae. Traces of older GWDs partly support the monophyly of the ancestral paleohexaploidy of eudicots. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Pyreae and the genus Malus, relative to major Rosaceae taxa, identified the progenitor of the cultivated apple as M. sieversii. Expansion of gene families reported to be involved in fruit development may explain formation of the pome, a Pyreae-specific false fruit that develops by proliferation of the basal part of the sepals, the receptacle. In apple, a subclade of MADS-box genes, normally involved in flower and fruit development, is expanded to include 15 members, as are other gene families involved in Rosaceae-specific metabolism, such as transport and assimilation of sorbitol.

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