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Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event - PubMed

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Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event

H Israfil et al. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011 Mar.

Abstract

According to recent taxonomic reclassification, the primate family Hylobatidae contains four genera (Hoolock, Nomascus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates) and between 14 and 18 species, making it by far the most species-rich group of extant hominoids. Known as the "small apes", these small arboreal primates are distributed throughout Southeast, South and East Asia. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the phylogeny of extant hylobatids, particularly the relationships among the genera and the species within the Hylobates genus. In this paper we use parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods to analyze a dataset containing nearly 14 kilobase pairs, which includes newly collected sequences from X-linked, Y-linked, and mitochondrial loci together with data from previous mitochondrial studies. Parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses largely failed to find a significant difference among phylogenies with any of the four genera as the most basal taxon. All analyses, however, support a tree with Hylobates and Symphalangus as most closely related genera. One strongly supported phylogenetic result within the Hylobates genus is that Hylobates pileatus is the most basal taxon. Multiple analyses failed to find significant support for any singular genus-level phylogeny. While it is natural to suspect that there might not be sufficient data for phylogenetic resolution (whenever that situation occurs), an alternative hypothesis relating to the nature of gibbon speciation exists. This lack of resolution may be the result of a rapid radiation or a sudden vicariance event of the hylobatid genera, and it is likely that a similarly rapid radiation occurred within the Hylobates genus. Additional molecular and paleontological evidence are necessary to better test among these, and other, hypotheses of hylobatid evolution.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Bootstrap consensus cladogram using maximum parsimony.

FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Bootstrap consensus phylogram using maximum likelihood. Bootstrap values appear above branches leading to nodes except within most Hylobates nodes, where they appear to the right of the node. A cladogram that has collapsed the branches of <50% bootsrap support appears in Supplementary Materials Figure 4.

FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Phylogram estimated using Bayesian phylogenetics. Posterior probability values appear above branches leading to nodes except within most Hylobates nodes, where they appear to the right of the node.

FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Tree scaled to the molecular clock dates of each node. Numbers at nodes indicate the 95% Bayesian credibility interval from the posterior distribution. Three calibrations nodes are indicated with a ‘C=’ within brackets. The dates following the ‘C=’ correspond to the lower (2.5%) and upper (97.5%) bounds of the calibration prior distribution. Other parameter estimates given in Supplementary Materials. All dates are in Ma.

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