The Role of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease - PubMed
The Role of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease
Latika Sibal et al. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2010 May.
Abstract
Endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular tone and structure. Endothelial dysfunction is known to precede overt coronary artery disease. A number of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as metabolic diseases and systemic or local inflammation cause endothelial dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the major endothelium derived vaso-active substances whose role is of prime importance in maintaining endothelial homeostasis. Low levels of NO are associated with impaired endothelial function. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an analogue of L-arginine, is a naturally occurring product of metabolism found in human circulation. Elevated levels of ADMA inhibit NO synthesis and therefore impair endothelial function and thus promote atherosclerosis. ADMA levels are increased in people with hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. A number of studies have reported ADMA as a novel risk marker of cardiovascular disease. Increased levels of ADMA have been shown to be the strongest risk predictor, beyond traditional risk factors, of cardiovascular events and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with coronary artery disease. Interventions such as treatment with L-arginine have been shown to improve endothelium-mediated vasodilatation in people with high ADMA levels. However the clinical utility of modifying circulating ADMA levels remains uncertain.
Keywords: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; cardiovascular disease.; endothelial.
Figures

Overview of pathways of synthesis and metabolism of ADMA. Methylation of arginine residues within peptides occurs through N-methyltransferases, protein arginine N-methyltransferase-1 (PRMT-1). S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the methyl donor, changing to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Proteolytic breakdown of the proteins leads to the generation of ADMA and N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) within cells, and is detectable in the circulation. ADMA is an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by competing with its substrate L-arginine thus impairing nitric oxide (NO) production, thus leading to endothelial dysfunction and subsequently atherosclerosis. ADMA is eliminated partly via urinary excretion but mainly via metabolism by the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) to citrulline and dimethylamine.
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