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Substantial variation in the extent of mitochondrial genome fragmentation among blood-sucking lice of mammals - PubMed

Comparative Study

Substantial variation in the extent of mitochondrial genome fragmentation among blood-sucking lice of mammals

Haowei Jiang et al. Genome Biol Evol. 2013.

Abstract

Blood-sucking lice of humans have extensively fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes. Human head louse and body louse have their 37 mt genes on 20 minichromosomes. In human pubic louse, the 34 mt genes known are on 14 minichromosomes. To understand the process of mt genome fragmentation in the blood-sucking lice of mammals, we sequenced the mt genomes of the domestic pig louse, Haematopinus suis, and the wild pig louse, H. apri, which diverged from human lice approximately 65 Ma. The 37 mt genes of the pig lice are on nine circular minichromosomes; each minichromosome is 3-4 kb in size. The pig lice have four genes per minichromosome on average, in contrast to two genes per minichromosome in the human lice. One minichromosome of the pig lice has eight genes and is the most gene-rich minichromosome found in the sucking lice. Our results indicate substantial variation in the rate and extent of mt genome fragmentation among different lineages of the sucking lice.

Keywords: genome fragmentation; minichromosome; mitochondrial genome; sucking lice.

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Figures

F<sc>ig</sc>. 1.—
Fig. 1.—

Mitochondrial genomes of the domestic pig louse, Haematopinus suis, and the wild pig louse, H. apri. Genes are shown in blank arrows: cox1–3 for cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1–3; cob for cytochrome b; nad1–5 and nad4L for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–5 and 4L; rrnS and rrnL for small and large ribosome RNA subunits. tRNA genes are shown in triangles and are labeled with the single-letter abbreviations of their corresponding amino acids. The pseudo-trnV genes are 10 and 26 bp shorter than the full-length trnV genes. Sizes of genes of H. apri are in brackets if they are different from that of H. suis. The illustration of pig louse is courtesy of Hu Li and Wanzhi Cai.

F<sc>ig</sc>. 2.—
Fig. 2.—

PCR verification of mt minichromosomes of Haematopinus suis and H. apri. (A) Lanes 1 and 14: low mass ladder (LML). Lanes 2 and 13: molecular weight marker VII (MWM). Lanes 3–10: amplicons from eight minichromosomes of H. suis (B2311), rrnS-trnC, trnL1-rrnL, nad2-trnI-cox1-trnL2, trnR-nad4L-nad6-trnM, trnK-nad4-atp8-atp6-trnN, trnE-cob-trnV, trnQ-nad1-trnT-trnG-nad3-trnW, and trnD-trnY-cox2-trnS1-trnS2-trnP-cox3-trnA. Lanes 11–12: PCR amplicons from two minichromosomes of H. apri (B2418), rrnS-trnC, and trnQ-nad1-trnT-trnG-nad3-trnW. Genes where PCR primers were designed are in bold. (B) Lane 1: amplicon from trnH-nad5-trnF minichromosome of H. suis (B2311). Lanes 2, 9, and 15: 1-kb ladder. Lanes 3–8 and 10–14: PCR amplicons from seven minichromosomes of H. apri (B2418), trnK-nad4-atp8-atp6-trnN, trnK-nad4-atp8-atp6-trnN, nad2-trnI-cox1-trnL2, nad2-trnI-cox1-trnL2, trnD-trnY-cox2-trnS1-trnS2-trnP-cox3-trnA, trnD-trnY-cox2-trnS1-trnS2-trnP-cox3-trnA, trnE-cob-trnV, trnH-nad5-trnF, trnR-nad4L-nad6-trnM, trnR-nad4L-nad6-trnM, and trnL1-rrnL. (C) Amplicons by pig-lice-specific primers, PGC1F-PGC1R and PG12SF-PG12SR, from the entire nad2-trnI-cox1-trnL2 minichromosome (4.5 kb, Lane 1) and the entire rrnS-trnC minichromosome (3.5 kb, Lane 4) of H. suis. Lane 2: LML. Lane 3: 1-kb Ladder. (D) Amplicons from the coding regions of mt minichromosomes of H. suis and H. apri. Lanes 1 and 11: LML. Lanes 2 and 10: MWM. Lanes 3–4: H. suis from Australia (B2311). Lanes 5–6: H. suis from Poland (B2419). Lanes 7–8: H. apri from Japan (B4218). Lane 9: H. suis from China (B2572).

F<sc>ig</sc>. 3.—
Fig. 3.—

Alignment of the consensus sequences of the full-length NCRs of the mt minichromosomes of the pig lice, Haematopinus suis (B2311) and H. apri (B2418).

F<sc>ig</sc>. 4.—
Fig. 4.—

Comparison of mt gene arrangement among parasitic lice, the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, and the hypothetical ancestor of insects. “+” indicates presence, whereas “−” indicates absence of a gene arrangement. The suborder-level phylogeny of the parasitic lice (Phthiraptera) is after Lyal (1985) and Barker et al. (2003). The grouping of the Pediculus species with Pth. pubis is after Barker et al. (2003). The grouping of Bothriometopus macrocnemis with sucking lice is after Wei et al. (2012). The grouping of L. bostrychophila with parasitic lice is after Lyal (1985), Wei et al. (2012), and Li et al. (2013).

F<sc>ig</sc>. 5.—
Fig. 5.—

The putative secondary structures of mt tRNAs of Haematopinus suis (Hs) and H. apri (Ha). Identical or near-identical sequences shared between trnL1 and trnL2 genes, and between trnT and trnP genes, are indicated in red boxes.

F<sc>ig</sc>. 5.—
Fig. 5.—

The putative secondary structures of mt tRNAs of Haematopinus suis (Hs) and H. apri (Ha). Identical or near-identical sequences shared between trnL1 and trnL2 genes, and between trnT and trnP genes, are indicated in red boxes.

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