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Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus - PubMed

  • ️Tue Jan 01 2013

Review

Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus

Alexander T Ciota et al. Viruses. 2013.

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV; Flavivirus; Flaviviridae) is the cause of the most widespread arthropod-borne viral disease in the world and the largest outbreak of neuroinvasive disease ever observed. Mosquito-borne outbreaks are influenced by intrinsic (e.g., vector and viral genetics, vector and host competence, vector life-history traits) and extrinsic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors that affect virus activity and mosquito biology in complex ways. The concept of vectorial capacity integrates these factors to address interactions of the virus with the arthropod host, leading to a clearer understanding of their complex interrelationships, how they affect transmission of vector-borne disease, and how they impact human health. Vertebrate factors including host competence, population dynamics, and immune status also affect transmission dynamics. The complexity of these interactions are further exacerbated by the fact that not only can divergent hosts differentially alter the virus, but the virus also can affect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in ways that significantly alter patterns of virus transmission. This chapter concentrates on selected components of the virus-vector-vertebrate interrelationship, focusing specifically on how interactions between vector, virus, and environment shape the patterns and intensity of WNV transmission.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Global distribution of Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes. Geographic range for Cx. p. pipiens includes both forms (pipiens and molestus). Cx. australicus and Cx. globocoxitus are restricted to Australia. Taken from [22].

Figure 2
Figure 2

Species-specific differences in adult longevity, immature survival, and effect of temperature in field populations of Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. restuans. Negative correlations between adult (black) and immature (red) survival and temperatures could offset increases vectorial capacity associated with increased rates of mosquito and virus proliferation, particularly for Cx. restuans. Adult longevity is significantly lower for Cx. restuans relative to both Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus, which are statistically equivalent; and the effect of temperature on the percentage of larvae reaching the adult stage (emergence) is significantly greater for Cx. restuans relative to both other species. Adapted from [66].

Figure 3
Figure 3

Costs of West Nile virus (WNV) infection and resistance and strain-specific effects on survival in Culex pipiens. Exposure to mosquito-adapted WNV (MP20) decreases survival with or without establishment of infection (costs of infection and resistance) while exposure to wildtype (WT) WNV does not alter survival. Decreased survival in infected mosquitoes decreases vectorial capacity despite increased vector competence of WNV MP20. Adapted from [89].

Figure 4
Figure 4

Worldwide distribution of West Nile virus.

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