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Landscape factors facilitating the invasive dynamics and distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after arrival in the United States - PubMed

  • ️Wed Jan 01 2014

Landscape factors facilitating the invasive dynamics and distribution of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), after arrival in the United States

Adam M Wallner et al. PLoS One. 2014.

Abstract

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, a native of Asia, has become a serious invasive pest in the USA. H. halys was first detected in the USA in the mid 1990s, dispersing to over 41 other states. Since 1998, H. halys has spread throughout New Jersey, becoming an important pest of agriculture, and a major nuisance in urban developments. In this study, we used spatial analysis, geostatistics, and Bayesian linear regression to investigate the invasion dynamics and colonization processes of this pest in New Jersey. We present the results of monitoring H. halys from 51 to 71 black light traps that were placed on farms throughout New Jersey from 2004 to 2011 and examined relationships between total yearly densities of H. halys and square hectares of 48 landscape/land use variables derived from urban, wetland, forest, and agriculture metadata, as well as distances to nearest highways. From these analyses we propose the following hypotheses: (1) H. halys density is strongly associated with urban developments and railroads during its initial establishment and dispersal from 2004 to 2006; (2) H. halys overwintering in multiple habitats and feeding on a variety of plants may have reduced the Allee effect, thus facilitating movement into the southernmost regions of the state by railroads from 2005 to 2008; (3) density of H. halys contracted in 2009 possibly from invading wetlands or sampling artifact; (4) subsequent invasion of H. halys from the northwest to the south in 2010 may conform to a stratified-dispersal model marked by rapid long-distance movement, from railroads and wetland rights-of-way; and (5) high densities of H. halys may be associated with agriculture in southern New Jersey in 2011. These landscape features associated with the invasion of H. halys in New Jersey may predict its potential rate of invasion across the USA and worldwide.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Maps of New Jersey displaying the five main landscape/land use features used in the analysis, including agriculture, forests, urban/residential, wetlands, and major highways and roads; the New Jersey Turnpike and The Garden State Parkway are shown in grey; and distribution of black light traps throughout New Jersey are also provided.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) graphs of the density of Halymorpha halys captured from black light traps placed throughout New Jersey from (A) 2004, (B) 2005, (C) 2006, (D) 2007, (E) 2008, (F) 2009, (G) 2010, (H) 2011.

KDE are based on actual and predicted density of H. halys where green reflects lowest population density, orange moderate to high population density, and red predicts highest population of H. halys. Total density of H. halys’ for year black lights were monitored is also provided.

Figure 3
Figure 3. Hot-spot/cold-spot analysis graphs of the densities of Halyomorpha halys captured from black light traps placed throughout New Jersey from (A) 2004, (B) 2005, (C) 2006, (D) 2007, (E) 2008, (F) 2009, (G) 2010, (H) 2011.

Z-scores are standard deviations, associated with p-values found in tails of the normal distribution, with red and orange reflecting high density of H. halys that are significantly clustering with one another and light to dark blue reflecting low densities of H. halys that are significantly clustering with one another.

Figure 4
Figure 4. Summary table of landscape/land use variables that displayed significant positive relationship with densities of Halyomorpha halys using Bayesian linear regression analysis.

Pink represents urban landscape/land use variables; green represents forest landscape/land use variables; blue represents wetland landscape/land use variables; and red represents agricultural landscape/land use variables. In 2010 and 2011 we calculated the total number of these relationships observed.

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Funding came from U.S. Hatch Funds and the U.S. Department of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture - Specialty Crop Research Initiative Award #2011-51181-30937. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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