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Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults - PubMed

  • ️Fri Jan 01 2016

Review

Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults

Sheena Derry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016.

Abstract

Background: Use of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat chronic musculoskeletal conditions has become widely accepted because they can provide pain relief without associated systemic adverse events. This review is an update of 'Topical NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults', originally published in Issue 9, 2012.

Objectives: To review the evidence from randomised, double-blind, controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of topically applied NSAIDs for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and our own in-house database; the date of the last search was February 2016. We also searched the references lists of included studies and reviews, and sought unpublished studies by asking personal contacts and searching online clinical trial registers and manufacturers' web sites.

Selection criteria: We included randomised, double-blind, active or inert carrier (placebo) controlled trials in which treatments were administered to adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain of moderate or severe intensity. Studies had to meet stringent quality criteria and there had to be at least 10 participants in each treatment arm, with application of treatment at least once daily.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data. We used numbers of participants achieving each outcome to calculate risk ratio and numbers needed to treat (NNT) or harm (NNH) compared to carrier or other active treatment. We were particularly interested to compare different formulations (gel, cream, plaster) of individual NSAIDs. The primary outcome was 'clinical success', defined as at least a 50% reduction in pain, or an equivalent measure such as a 'very good' or 'excellent' global assessment of treatment, or 'none' or 'slight' pain on rest or movement, measured on a categorical scale.

Main results: We identified five new studies for this update, which now has information from 10,631 participants in 39 studies, a 38% increase in participants from the earlier review; 33 studies compared a topical NSAID with carrier. All studies examined topical NSAIDs for treatment of osteoarthritis, and for pooled analyses studies were generally of moderate or high methodological quality, although we considered some at risk of bias from short duration and small size.In studies lasting 6 to 12 weeks, topical diclofenac and topical ketoprofen were significantly more effective than carrier for reducing pain; about 60% of participants had much reduced pain. With topical diclofenac, the NNT for clinical success in six trials (2343 participants) was 9.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.1 to 16) (moderate quality evidence). With topical ketoprofen, the NNT for clinical success in four trials (2573 participants) was 6.9 (5.4 to 9.3) (moderate quality evidence). There was too little information for analysis of other individual topical NSAIDs compared with carrier. Few trials compared a topical NSAID to an oral NSAID, but overall they showed similar efficacy (low quality evidence). These efficacy results were almost completely derived from people with knee osteoarthritis.There was an increase in local adverse events (mostly mild skin reactions) with topical diclofenac compared with carrier or oral NSAIDs, but no increase with topical ketoprofen (moderate quality evidence). Reporting of systemic adverse events (such as gastrointestinal upsets) was poor, but where reported there was no difference between topical NSAID and carrier (very low quality evidence). Serious adverse events were infrequent and not different between topical NSAID and carrier (very low quality evidence).Clinical success with carrier occurred commonly - in around half the participants in studies lasting 6 to 12 weeks. Both direct and indirect comparison of clinical success with oral placebo indicates that response rates with carrier (topical placebo) are about twice those seen with oral placebo.A substantial amount of data from completed, unpublished studies was unavailable (up to 6000 participants). To the best of our knowledge, much of this probably relates to formulations that have never been marketed.

Authors' conclusions: Topical diclofenac and topical ketoprofen can provide good levels of pain relief beyond carrier in osteoarthritis for a minority of people, but there is no evidence for other chronic painful conditions. There is emerging evidence that at least some of the substantial placebo effects seen in longer duration studies derive from effects imparted by the NSAID carrier itself, and that NSAIDs add to that.

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Conflict of interest statement

SD: none known.

PC is a specialist rheumatologist and manages patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. He was an author of two studies included in this review. He was not involved in data coding or data extraction for these studies. He has received speaking fees from Abbvie, BMS, and Roche (2013).

JdS is a specialist rheumatologist and manages patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

PW: none known.

RAM: has received institutional grant support from Reckitt Benckiser (RB) relating to individual patient level analyses of trial data on ibuprofen in acute pain and the effects of food on drug absorption of analgesics (2013), and from Grünenthal relating to individual patient level analyses of trial data regarding tapentadol in osteoarthritis and back pain (2015). He has received honoraria for attended boards with Menarini concerning methods of analgesic trial design (2014), with Novartis (2014) about the design of network meta‐analyses, and RB on understanding pharmacokinetics of drug uptake (2015). None of these activities was related to topical NSAIDs. Novartis and/or its subsidiaries may market a diclofenac gel product; Menarini or its subsidiaries markets a ketoprofen gel product; and RB or its subsidiaries markets an ibuprofen gel product. As far as is known, only diclofenac gel product is licensed for use in osteoarthritis.

This review was identified in a 2019 audit as not meeting the current definition of the Cochrane Commercial Sponsorship policy. At the time of its publication it was compliant with the interpretation of the existing policy. As with all reviews, new and updated, at update this review will be revised according to 2020 policy update.

Figures

1
1

Study flow diagram.

2
2

'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.

3
3

Forest plot of comparison: 8 Diclofenac versus carrier, outcome: 8.1 Clinical success.

4
4

Forest plot of comparison: 9 Ketoprofen versus carrier, outcome: 9.1 Clinical success.

5
5

Forest plot of comparison: Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, outcome: Clinical success.

6
6

Placebo responses in topical NSAID studies for at least 50% pain intensity reduction after 12 weeks, compared with oral placebo from a pooled analysis and a single study with direct comparison with topical placebo.

1.1
1.1. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 1 Clinical success.

1.2
1.2. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 2 Local adverse events.

1.3
1.3. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 3 Systemic adverse events.

1.4
1.4. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 4 Gastrointestinal adverse events.

1.5
1.5. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

1.6
1.6. Analysis

Comparison 1 Topical diclofenac versus carrier, Outcome 6 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy.

2.1
2.1. Analysis

Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 1 Clinical success.

2.2
2.2. Analysis

Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 2 Local adverse events.

2.3
2.3. Analysis

Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 3 Gastrointestinal adverse events.

2.4
2.4. Analysis

Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 4 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

2.5
2.5. Analysis

Comparison 2 Topical ketoprofen versus carrier, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy.

3.1
3.1. Analysis

Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 1 Clinical success.

3.2
3.2. Analysis

Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 2 Local adverse events.

3.3
3.3. Analysis

Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 3 Gastrointestinal adverse events.

3.4
3.4. Analysis

Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 4 Withdrawals due to adverse events.

3.5
3.5. Analysis

Comparison 3 Topical NSAID versus oral NSAID, Outcome 5 Withdrawals due to lack of efficacy.

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References to other published versions of this review

Derry 2012a
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