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Periodontal and other oral manifestations of immunodeficiency diseases - PubMed

Review

. 2017 Oct;23(7):866-888.

doi: 10.1111/odi.12584. Epub 2016 Oct 10.

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Review

Periodontal and other oral manifestations of immunodeficiency diseases

M E Peacock et al. Oral Dis. 2017 Oct.

Abstract

The list of immunodeficiency diseases grows each year as novel disorders are discovered, classified, and sometimes reclassified due to our ever-increasing knowledge of immune system function. Although the number of patients with secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) greatly exceeds those with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), the prevalence of both appears to be on the rise probably because of scientific breakthroughs that facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis. Primary immunodeficiencies in adults are not as rare as once thought. Globally, the main causes of secondary immunodeficiency are HIV infection and nutritional insufficiencies. Persons with acquired immune disorders such as AIDS caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are now living long and fulfilling lives as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Irrespective of whether the patient's immune-deficient state is a consequence of a genetic defect or is secondary in nature, dental and medical practitioners must be aware of the constant potential for infections and/or expressions of autoimmunity in these individuals. The purpose of this review was to study the most common conditions resulting from primary and secondary immunodeficiency states, how they are classified, and the detrimental manifestations of these disorders on the periodontal and oral tissues.

Keywords: autoimmune disease; immune defects; immunodeficiency; oral infection; pathology; periodontium.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1

Overview of the innate and adaptive immune systems. innate immune system lacks memory but can respond quickly to infectious challenges through pattern recognition receptors. Innate immune system includes a humoral arm (complement system, defensins, etc.) and a cellular arm which includes natural killer (NK) cells, and phagocytes (dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophage). Adaptive or acquired immunity is more antigen specific and is our second line of defense involving T cells, and B cells, which express T cell receptors and antibodies, respectively. APCs link the two systems for maximum effectiveness.

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