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Aphid Colonization Affects Potato Root Exudate Composition and the Hatching of a Soil Borne Pathogen - PubMed

  • ️Mon Jan 01 2018

Aphid Colonization Affects Potato Root Exudate Composition and the Hatching of a Soil Borne Pathogen

Grace A Hoysted et al. Front Plant Sci. 2018.

Abstract

Plants suffer multiple, simultaneous biotic threats from both above and below ground. These pests and/or pathogens are commonly studied on an individual basis and the effects of above-ground pests on below-ground pathogens are poorly defined. Root exudates from potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were analyzed to characterize the top-down plant-mediated interactions between a phloem-sucking herbivore (Myzus persicae) and a sedentary, endoparasitic nematode (Globodera pallida). Increasing inocula of the aphid, M. persicae, reduced the root mass of potato plants. Exudates collected from these roots induced significantly lower hatching of second-stage juveniles from G. pallida eggs over a 28-day period, than those from uninfested control plants. Inhibition of hatch was significantly positively correlated with size of aphid inoculum. Diminished hatching was partially recovered after treatment with root exudate from uninfested potato plants indicating that the effect on hatching is reversible but cannot be fully recovered. Glucose and fructose content was reduced in root exudates from aphid-infested potato plants compared to controls and these sugars were found to induce hatching of G. pallida, but not to the same degree as potato root exudates (PRE). Supplementing aphid-infested PRE with sugars did not recover the hatching potential of the treatment, suggesting that additional compounds play an important role in egg hatch. The first gene upregulated in the closely related potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis post-exposure to host root exudate, Neprilysin-1, was confirmed to be upregulated in G. pallida cysts after exposure to PRE and was also upregulated by the sugar treatments. Significantly reduced upregulation of Gpa-nep-1 was observed in cysts treated with root exudates from potato plants infested with greater numbers of aphids. Our data suggest that aphid infestation of potato plants affects the composition of root exudates, with consequential effects on the hatching and gene expression of G. pallida eggs. This work shows that an above-ground pest can indirectly impact the rhizosphere and reveals secondary effects for control of an economically important below-ground pathogen.

Keywords: aboveground–belowground interactions; aphids; fructose; glucose; plant-parasitic nematodes; root exudates.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Effect of Myzus persicae inoculum on the fresh (A) and dry (B) weight of potato roots (Solanum tuberosum cv. Désirée) 10 dpi. Values are means ± SEM from at least four replicates with different letters indicating significant differences between treatments (P < 0.01).

FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Daily (A) and cumulative (B) Globodera pallida percentage egg hatch from cysts treated with root exudate from non-infested control and Myzus persicae infested potato plants (days 0–20). Initial inoculums of 5, 50, 100, and 200 aphids were applied to the leaves of potato plants for 10 days before collection of exudate. All cysts were treated with root exudate from non-infested potato plants (control) at day 20–28 (indicated by gray box). Values are means ± SEM from 10 replicates with five cysts per replicate.

FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Glucose (A) and fructose (B) content in root exudates from control and Myzus persicae infested potato plants. Values are means ± SEM at least four replicates with different letters denoting significance (P < 0.05 one-way ANOVA and SNK).

FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

Daily (A) and cumulative (B) Globodera pallida percentage egg hatch from cysts treated with water, potato root exudate (PRE), 16.4 μg/ml glucose (Glu), and/or 35.0 μg/ml fructose (Fru). These concentrations reflect the concentrations detected in PRE. Values are means ± SEM from 10 replicates with five cysts per replicate.

FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5

Daily (A) and cumulative (B) Globodera pallida percentage egg hatch from cysts treated with root exudate from control and M. persicae infested potato plants (days 0–20). Initial inoculums of 5, 50, 100, and 200 aphids were applied to the leaves of potato plants for 10 days before collection of exudate. Root exudate from infested plants was supplemented with glucose and fructose for treatments on days 20–28 (gray box) to equate to concentrations found in root exudate from non-infested potato plants (16.4 and 35.0 μg/ml, respectively). Values are means ± SEM from 10 replicates with five cysts per replicate.

FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6

Expression of a neprilysin gene (Gpa-nep-1) by RT-qPCR in five Globodera pallida cysts treated or 8 days with water or (A) root exudate from potato plants inoculated with 0, 5, 50, 100, or 200 Myzus persicae. (B) 16.4 μg/ml glucose (Glu) and/or 35.0 μg/ml fructose (Fru). These concentrations reflect the concentrations detected in non-infested potato root exudate. Expression was normalized to Elongation Factor 1-α and presented relative to expression in cysts treated with water. Values are means ± SEM from four replicates with five cysts per replicate. Letters denote significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05).

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