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Evolutionary Patterns of Non-Coding RNA in Cardiovascular Biology - PubMed

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Review

Evolutionary Patterns of Non-Coding RNA in Cardiovascular Biology

Shrey Gandhi et al. Noncoding RNA. 2019.

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the heart and the vascular system with a high prevalence and place a huge burden on society as well as the healthcare system. These complex diseases are often the result of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors and pose a great challenge to understanding their etiology and consequences. With the advent of next generation sequencing, many non-coding RNA transcripts, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been linked to the pathogenesis of CVD. Despite increasing evidence, the proper functional characterization of most of these molecules is still lacking. The exploration of conservation of sequences across related species has been used to functionally annotate protein coding genes. In contrast, the rapid evolutionary turnover and weak sequence conservation of lncRNAs make it difficult to characterize functional homologs for these sequences. Recent studies have tried to explore other dimensions of interspecies conservation to elucidate the functional role of these novel transcripts. In this review, we summarize various methodologies adopted to explore the evolutionary conservation of cardiovascular non-coding RNAs at sequence, secondary structure, syntenic, and expression level.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease; circular RNA; evolutionary conservation; lncRNA; miRNA; non-coding RNA.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Dimensions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) conservation: (A) Sequence Conservation: sequence homology or/and conserved gene structures across different organisms. (B) Structure Conservation: lncRNAs can form conserved secondary or tertiary structure. (C) Expression Conservation: the expression patterns of lncRNA can be spatio-temporally conserved across species. (D) Positional Conservation: the syntenic location of lncRNA with respect to its neighboring genes is conserved across species.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Chamber specific gene expression in human heart: the figure provides an overview of the genes which have been found to be enriched in the (A) right atrium, (B) left atrium, (C) right ventricle, and (D) left ventricle as compared to other heart chambers [150,151,152,153].

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