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Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations - PubMed

  • ️Tue Jan 01 2019

Comparative Study

Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations

Wibhu Kutanan et al. Mol Biol Evol. 2019.

Abstract

The human demographic history of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) has not been well studied; in particular, there have been very few sequence-based studies of variation in the male-specific portions of the Y chromosome (MSY). Here, we report new MSY sequences of ∼2.3 mB from 914 males and combine these with previous data for a total of 928 MSY sequences belonging to 59 populations from Thailand and Laos who speak languages belonging to three major Mainland Southeast Asia families: Austroasiatic, Tai-Kadai, and Sino-Tibetan. Among the 92 MSY haplogroups, two main MSY lineages (O1b1a1a* [O-M95*] and O2a* [O-M324*]) contribute substantially to the paternal genetic makeup of Thailand and Laos. We also analyze complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences published previously from the same groups and find contrasting pattern of male and female genetic variation and demographic expansions, especially for the hill tribes, Mon, and some major Thai groups. In particular, we detect an effect of postmarital residence pattern on genetic diversity in patrilocal versus matrilocal groups. Additionally, both male and female demographic expansions were observed during the early Mesolithic (∼10 ka), with two later major male-specific expansions during the Neolithic period (∼4-5 ka) and the Bronze/Iron Age (∼2.0-2.5 ka). These two later expansions are characteristic of the modern Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai groups, respectively, consistent with recent ancient DNA studies. We simulate MSY data based on three demographic models (continuous migration, demic diffusion, and cultural diffusion) of major Thai groups and find different results from mitochondrial DNA simulations, supporting contrasting male and female genetic histories.

Keywords: Austroasiatic; Sino-Tibetan; Tai-Kadai; Y chromosome; mtDNA.

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Figures

<sc>Fig</sc>. 1.
Fig. 1.

Map showing sample locations and haplogroup distributions.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 2.
Fig. 2.

Genetic diversity values of MSY and mtDNA in the studied populations, excluding the Maniq (MN) and Mlabri (MA): haplotype diversity (A), haplogroup diversity (B), MPD (C), and Tajima’s D values (D). More information and all genetic diversity values are provided in supplementary table 1, Supplementary Material online.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 3.
Fig. 3.

Relative shared haplotypes (A) and heat plot of Φst (B) between studied populations for the MSY and for mtDNA.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 4.
Fig. 4.

The two-dimensional MDS plot and five-dimensional MDS heat plot based on the Φst distance matrix for 57 populations (after removal of Maniq and Mlabri) of MSY (A and C) and mtDNA (B and D).

<sc>Fig</sc>. 5.
Fig. 5.

The two-dimensional MDS plot based on the MSY Φst distance matrix for 73 populations. Population details are listed in figure 1 and supplementary tables 1 and 7, Supplementary Material online.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 6.
Fig. 6.

The BSPs based on the MSY and mtDNA of 13 ethnicities from Thailand and Laos; Mon, Khmer, Htin, Central Thai, Black Tai, Khon Mueang, Yuan, Lao Isan, Laotian, Lue, Phuan, Lawa, and Karen. Solid lines are the median estimated effective population size (y axis) through time from the present in years (x axis). The 95% highest posterior density limits are indicated by dotted lines.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 7.
Fig. 7.

The BSPs of Asian populations. Solid lines are the median estimated paternal effective population size (y axis) through time from the present in years (x axis). The 95% highest posterior density limits are indicated by dotted lines.

<sc>Fig</sc>. 8.
Fig. 8.

The BSPs for each major haplogroup. Solid lines are the median estimated paternal effective population size (y axis) through time from the present in years (x axis). The 95% highest posterior density limits are indicated by dotted lines.

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