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Reclassification of Pterulaceae Corner (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) introducing the ant-associated genus Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Phaeopterula Henn. and the corticioid Radulomycetaceae fam. nov - PubMed

  • ️Wed Jan 01 2020

Reclassification of Pterulaceae Corner (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) introducing the ant-associated genus Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Phaeopterula Henn. and the corticioid Radulomycetaceae fam. nov

Caio A Leal-Dutra et al. IMA Fungus. 2020.

Abstract

Pterulaceae was formally proposed to group six coralloid and dimitic genera: Actiniceps (=Dimorphocystis), Allantula, Deflexula, Parapterulicium, Pterula, and Pterulicium. Recent molecular studies have shown that some of the characters currently used in Pterulaceae do not distinguish the genera. Actiniceps and Parapterulicium have been removed, and a few other resupinate genera were added to the family. However, none of these studies intended to investigate the relationship between Pterulaceae genera. In this study, we generated 278 sequences from both newly collected and fungarium samples. Phylogenetic analyses supported with morphological data allowed a reclassification of Pterulaceae where we propose the introduction of Myrmecopterula gen. nov. and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov., the reintroduction of Phaeopterula, the synonymisation of Deflexula in Pterulicium, and 53 new combinations. Pterula is rendered polyphyletic requiring a reclassification; thus, it is split into Pterula, Myrmecopterula gen. nov., Pterulicium and Phaeopterula. Deflexula is recovered as paraphyletic alongside several Pterula species and Pterulicium, and is sunk into the latter genus. Phaeopterula is reintroduced to accommodate species with darker basidiomes. The neotropical Myrmecopterula gen. nov. forms a distinct clade adjacent to Pterula, and most members of this clade are associated with active or inactive attine ant nests. The resupinate genera Coronicium and Merulicium are recovered in a strongly supported clade close to Pterulicium. The other resupinate genera previously included in Pterulaceae, and which form basidiomes lacking cystidia and with monomitic hyphal structure (Radulomyces, Radulotubus and Aphanobasidium), are reclassified into Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. Allantula is still an enigmatic piece in this puzzle known only from the type specimen that requires molecular investigation. A key for the genera of Pterulaceae and Radulomycetaceae fam. nov. is also provided here.

Keywords: Aphyllophorales; Molecular systematics; Pleurotineae; asexual fungi; attine ants; coral mushroom; coralloid fungi; corticioid fungi; fungus-farming ants; lcavarioid fungi.

© The Author(s) 2020.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Diversity of coralloid genera of Pterulaceae. a-f: Myrmecopterula [A: Apterostigma sp. nest with M. velohortorum (RC12; CALD170307–02)* with M. sp. SAPV1 (F82; CALD170307–02)* growing on top of the garden veil; b: M. sp. (F99, HSTM-Fungos 9930); c: M. sp. (F138, FLOR 63724); d: Apterostigma sp. nest with M. nudihortorum (TRS111004–04)*; e: M. moniliformis (CJL585)*; f: M. sp. (F71, HSTM-Fungos 9943)]. g-h: Pterula [G: Pt. cf. loretensis (RLC273, K(M) 205,553)*; h: Pt. cf. verticillata (K(M) 27,119)]. i-l: Pterulicium [I: Pm. secundirameum (RB 575794); j: Pm. aff. fluminensis (FLOR 56379); k: Pm. lilaceobrunneum (M117, FLOR 56455). l: Pm. sprucei (F68, HSTM-Fungos 9940)]. M-O: Phaeopterula [m: Ph. sp. (F7, HSTM-Fungos 9944); n: Ph. stipata (M15, FLOR 56375); o: Ph. juruensis (F33, FLOR 63719)]. Close inspection of B and C reveal the basidiomes to be growing from a granular substrate resembling substrate of ants’ fungus garden. Photos d, e and g kindly provided by Ted Schultz, Susanne Sourell and Michael Wherley respectively. Bars = 1 cm. * Samples not deposited

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Corticioid genera of Pterulaceae (a-c) and Radulomycetaceae (d-f). A: Coronicium alboglaucum*. b-c: Merulicium fusisporum*. d: Radulomyces confluens (ABS 53). e: Radulotubus resupinatus (Dai 15,315 – BJFC). f: Aphanobasidium cf. pseudotsugae (ABS 54). Photos kindly provided by L. Zíbarová (a and f), S. Blaser (b and c), D.J. Harries (d) and C.L. Zhao (e). Bars = 1 cm. * Samples not deposited

Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Maximum-likelihood tree of Pterulaceae and Radulomycetaceae. Support values on the branches are UFBoot/BPP and shown only for UFBoot≥70 and BPP ≥ 0.70 and branch length ≥ 0.003 substitutions per site. Asterisks (*) represent maximum UFBoot/BPP values, dashes (−) represent values below the cut-off threshold (70%), and dots (.) represent ML clades that were not recovered in the BI tree. Details for the complete tree can be found in Additional file 2 and TreeBase (ID: 24428). Scale bar: nucleotide substitutions per site

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