pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Powerful Plant Antioxidants: A New Biosustainable Approach to the Production of Rosmarinic Acid - PubMed

  • ️Wed Jan 01 2020

Review

Powerful Plant Antioxidants: A New Biosustainable Approach to the Production of Rosmarinic Acid

Abbas Khojasteh et al. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020.

Abstract

Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory.

Keywords: cell cultures; lamiaceae; oxidative stress; phenolic compounds; rosmarinic acid; savory.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Chemical structure of rosmarinic acid.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Scheme of the biosynthetic pathway of rosmarinic acid in Coleus blumei. PAL: phenylalanine ammonialyase, C4H: cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, 4CL: 4- coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, TAT: tyrosine aminotransferase, HPPR: hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase, HPPD: hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, RAS: rosmarinic acid synthase, 4C-pHPL 3/3′-H 4-coumaroyl-4′-hydroxyphenyllactate 3/3′-hydroxylase(s), Caf-pHPL 3H caffeoyl-4′-hydroxyphenyllactate 3-hydroxylase, 4C-DHPL 3H 4-coumaroyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactate 3-hydroxylase (modified from Hücherig and Petersen, 2013 [74] ).

Figure 3
Figure 3

A cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad plant in southwestern Iran.

Figure 4
Figure 4

State-of-the-art biotechnological production of plant secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures (modified from Georgiev et al. [129]).

Figure 5
Figure 5

Steps for obtaining cell suspensions of S. khuzistanica. (A) Plantlet in vitro culture developing callus; (B) Callus culture; (C) Cell suspension.

Figure 6
Figure 6

Disposable bioreactors classified according to their driving system (modified from Lehmann et al. [162]).

Figure 7
Figure 7

Comparative scheme of single-step and holistic approaches in plant metabolic engineering (modified from Onrubia et al. [187]).

Figure 8
Figure 8

Methodological design based on the biotechnological strategy “increasing income and reducing expenditure” proposed by Zhang et al. [200] for improving RA production. CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CCoAMT, caffeoyl-CoA O methyltransferase; C3′H, coumarate 3′-hydroxylase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, hydroxycinnamate-CoA ligase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; GT, glycosyl transferase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; HPPR, hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; RAS, rosmarinic acid synthase; TAT, tyrosine aminotransferase.

Similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Phaniendra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015;30:11–26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Peskind E.R., Li G., Shofer J.B., Millard S.P., Leverenz J.B., Yu C.-E., Raskind M.A., Quinn J.F., Galasko D.R., Montine T.J. Influence of lifestyle modifications on age-related free radical injury to brain. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:1150–1154. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1428. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lee Y.-A., Kang S.-G., Kim S.-H., Park S.-J., Kim H.-N., Song I.-S., Song S.-W. Assessment of lifestyle effects on the levels of free oxygen radicals in the Korean population. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2012;33:296–304. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2012.33.5.296. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Halliwell B. The chemistry of free radicals. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 1993;9:1–21. doi: 10.1177/0748233793009001-203. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nordberg J., Arnér E.S. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2001;31:1287–1312. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00724-9. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources