pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The potential of hydrogen hydrate as a future hydrogen storage medium - PubMed

  • ️Wed Jan 01 2020

Review

The potential of hydrogen hydrate as a future hydrogen storage medium

Ali Davoodabadi et al. iScience. 2020.

Abstract

Hydrogen is recognized as the "future fuel" and the most promising alternative of fossil fuels due to its remarkable properties including exceptionally high energy content per unit mass (142 M J / k g ), low mass density, and massive environmental and economical upsides. A wide spectrum of methods in H 2 production, especially carbon-free approaches, H 2 purification, and H 2 storage have been investigated to bring this energy source closer to the technological deployment. Hydrogen hydrates are among the most intriguing material paradigms for H 2 storage due to their appealing properties such as low energy consumption for charge and discharge, safety, cost-effectiveness, and favorable environmental features. Here, we comprehensively discuss the progress in understanding of hydrogen clathrate hydrates with an emphasis on charging/discharging rate of H 2 (i.e. hydrate formation and dissociation rates) and the storage capacity. A thorough understanding on phase equilibrium of the hydrates and its variation through different materials is provided. The path toward ambient temperature and pressure hydrogen batteries with high storage capacity is elucidated. We suggest that the charging rate of H 2 in this storage medium and long cyclic performance are more immediate challenges than storage capacity for technological translation of this storage medium. This review and provided outlook establish a groundwork for further innovation on hydrogen hydrate systems for promising future of hydrogen fuel.

Keywords: Energy Materials; Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanical Engineering.

© 2020 The Author(s).

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1

Hydrogen resources, production techniques, and applications The six major hydrogen sources, i.e., solar energy, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, wind, and geothermal energies (A). Source-dependent hydrogen production technologies: thermo-chemical water splitting for solar irradiation as the source, steam reforming for natural gas, gasification for biomass, and electrolysis for nuclear, wind, and geothermal energies (B). Gasification schematic adapted with permission from (De Lasa et al., 2011). The most prominent applications of hydrogen fuel include propulsion for automotive, ship and spacecraft, hydrogen power plants, and medical industry (C).

Figure 2
Figure 2

Hydrogen purification techniques Membrane method that selectively separates CO2 molecules as the mixture passes through pores or small gaps in the molecular arrangement of a continuous structure (A), adapted form (Ji and Zhao, 2017). Absorption method by which CO2 from the mixture is taken into the liquid phase so the species is separated from the mixture (B), adsorption method that involves separation of CO2 from the mixture through its accumulation or concentration on a surface (C), carbon dioxide hydrate formation method that operates based on trapping the gaseous CO2 molecule within a lattice cage created by the water molecules (D), adapted with permission from (Zheng et al., 2017).

Figure 3
Figure 3

Hydrogen storage techniques High pressure tank whereby hydrogen gas is kept under high pressures to boost the storage density (A). Cryogenic tanks that are used to store hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures (B). Metal hydride technique that employs chemical reactions between certain metals and hydrogen to store hydrogen (C). Microporous carbon material with high surface area used to store hydrogen (D). Hydrogen hydrate formed based on physically trapping molecular hydrogen in water lattices (E).

Figure 4
Figure 4

Hydrogen hydrate structures 3D structure of sI hydrate: the unit cell consists of 46 water molecules arranged into small cages with twelve pentagonal faces and large cages with two hexagonal and twelve pentagonal faces (A). 3D structure of sII hydrate with the unit cell composed of 136 water molecules arranged into small cages with twelve pentagonal faces and large cages with twelve pentagonal and four hexagonal faces (B). 3D structure of sH hydrate with the unit cell composed of 34 water molecules arranged into small cages with twelve pentagonal faces; medium cages with three hexagonal, six pentagonal, and three tetrahedral faces; and large cages with twelve pentagonal and eight hexagonal faces (C). (A), (B), and (C) are adapted with permission from (Momma et al., 2011). 2D view of hydrate structures and building blocks including small, medium, and large cages (D), adapted with permission from (Liang and Kusalik, 2015).

Figure 5
Figure 5

Hydrogen hydrate phase diagrams Phase diagram of hydrogen hydrate structure with TBAB as the promotor (A) and phase diagram of hydrogen hydrate structure with THF as the promotor (B). H, L, and G represent the hydrate, liquid, and gas phases, respectively. Note that hydrate is only stable in the regions above the three-phase equilibrium line.

Figure 6
Figure 6

Kinetics of hydrogen hydrate formation Reported hydrogen formation rate for different hydrogen hydrate promotors (A). Reported hydrogen formation rate for different operating temperatures (B). Reported hydrogen formation at a range of operating pressure (C). Note that some bars overlap with one another and only highest measured value at each thermodynamic condition is reported. The complete dataset is given in Table 1. The labels on the bars correspond to the labels in Table 1.

Figure 7
Figure 7

Hydrogen separation efficiencies Effect of promotor on separation efficiency in H2O−H2/CO2 hydrate system (A). Note that each bar corresponds to specific pressure and temperature at which hydrate formation was performed. Also, separation efficiency for different operating temperatures (B). Separation efficiency for different operating pressures (C). Note that some bars overlap with one another and only highest measured value at each thermodynamic condition is reported. The complete dataset is given in Table 2. The labels on the bars correspond to the labels in Table 2.

Figure 8
Figure 8

Hydrogen storage capacities Reported storage capacity for systems with different hydrogen hydrate promotors (A). Reported hydrogen storage capacity for different operating temperatures (B). Reported hydrogen storage for different operation pressures (C). Note that some bars overlap on top of each other and only highest measured value at each thermodynamic condition is reported. The complete dataset is given in Table 3. The labels on the bars correspond to the labels in Table 3.

Similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Acar C., Dincer I. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production options for better environment. J. Clean. Prod. 2019;218:835–849.
    1. Agrafiotis C., Roeb M., Konstandopoulos A.G., Nalbandian L., Zaspalis V.T., Sattler C., Stobbe P., Steele A.M. Solar water splitting for hydrogen production with monolithic reactors. Solar Energy. 2005:409–421. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2005.02.026. - DOI
    1. Arnold G., Wolf J. Liquid hydrogen for automotive application Next generation fuel for FC and ICE vehicles. Teion Kogaku. 2005;40:221–230.
    1. Asif M., Haq I., Jamal S.A. Post-combustion CO2capture with chemical absorption and hybrid system: current status and challenges. Greenh. Gas Sci. Technol. 2018;8:998–1031.
    1. Babu P., Linga P., Kumar R., Englezos P. A review of the hydrate based gas separation (HBGS) process forcarbon dioxide pre-combustion capture. Energy. 2015:261–279. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.103. - DOI

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources