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First detection of Gongylonema species in Geotrupes mutator in Europe - PubMed

  • ️Fri Jan 01 2021

First detection of Gongylonema species in Geotrupes mutator in Europe

Daniel Bravo-Barriga et al. J Nematol. 2021.

Abstract

The detection of three Gongylonema sp. infective larvae in two specimens of the dung beetle Geotrupes mutator (Marsham, 1802) from western Spain is reported here for the first time in Europe. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the analyzed specimens belong to the genus Gongylonema, but it was not possible to determine the species identity by the lack of morphological information in the literature and because many of the phenotypic characteristics had not yet fully developed at this juvenile stage. Nevertheless, a phylogenetic analysis using amplified cox1 nucleotide sequences has revealed that the studied larvae could be clearly discriminated (< 89% identity) from all the other Gongylonema cox1 sequences available in public genetic databases. While our results are limited by the scarcity of genetic information available for this genus, the possibility that the analyzed specimens might correspond to a new species should not be ruled out, and more studies are needed. The results provided in this report indicate that G. mutator is involved in the transmission cycle of Gongylonema sp. to vertebrates in Europe.

Keywords: Beetles; Geotrupes; Gongylonema; Host-parasitic relationship; Molecular biology; Nematodes; Spain.

© 2021 Authors.

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Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Gongylonema sp. (1) Anterior portion of a specimen L3 without cuticular bosses and highlighting the lateral ala (La). (2) Central view of the cephalic end, highlighting the amphids (Am), 4 cervical papillae (Cp), 4 internal papillae (Ip), 6 inner lateral papilla (ILp), peribuccal collar (Pc) and cuticular plates on the margins of the buccal opening. (3) Detail of lateral alae (La) and excretory pore (Ep). (4) Details of excretory pore (Ep). (5) Posterior portion of a specimen L3 with a view of the cloacal opening (C) and details of caudal end (Tp). (6) Details of Cloaca (C).

Figure 2:
Figure 2:

(A) Phylogenetic analysis (MCC tree obtained using a Bayesian approach) of cox1 sequences (n = 47) from 10 different genera of nematodes. At specific branches, the values indicate the topological branch-support, as revealed by posterior probability values > 0.80. The branch defining the Gongylonema genus is indicated. The size bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The cox1 sequences obtained in the course of this study are highlighted in bold case. (B) Estimates of evolutionary divergence of cox1 over sequence pairs between groups. The analysis involved 16 Gongylonema sp. sequences.

Figure S1:
Figure S1:

Supplementary document: (A) Multivariate principal coordinate analysis (PCOORD) for the dataset of sequences analysed in Maximum Likelihood tree, and that include G. aegypti, G. neoplasticum, G. nepalensis, and G. pulchrum, indicated by Y, O, N and P, respectively (used as references). The sequences obtained in the course of this study are indicated as Spain 1 and 2. The axes of this graph correspond to the two dimensions that were first extracted; together they cover over 66% of the total differences between the groups identified. (B) Phylogenetic analysis (Maximum Likelihood tree) of cox1 sequences (n = 18) amplified from Gongylonema nematodes. At specific branches, the values indicate the branch-support as revealed by bootstrap analysis, with values ≥ 75 defining high topological support. The size bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The d values above the G. neoplasticum, G. nepalensis and G. pulchrum indicate intra-species genetic distances.

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