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Association between vitamin K1 intake and mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort - PubMed

Association between vitamin K1 intake and mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort

Claire R Palmer et al. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Reported associations between vitamin K1 and both all-cause and cause-specific mortality are conflicting. The 56,048 participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health prospective cohort study, with a median [IQR] age of 56 [52-60] years at entry and of whom 47.6% male, were followed for 23 years, with 14,083 reported deaths. Of these, 5015 deaths were CVD-related, and 6342 deaths were cancer-related. Intake of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and its relationship with mortality outcomes was investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. A moderate to high (87-192 µg/d) intake of vitamin K1 was associated with a lower risk of all-cause [HR (95%CI) for quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.76 (0.72, 0.79)], cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.72 (0.66, 0.79)], and cancer-related mortality [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)], after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle confounders. The association between vitamin K1 intake and cardiovascular disease-related mortality was present in all subpopulations (categorised according to sex, smoking status, diabetes status, and hypertension status), while the association with cancer-related mortality was only present in current/former smokers (p for interaction = 0.002). These findings suggest that promoting adequate intakes of foods rich in vitamin K1 may help to reduce all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality at the population level.

Keywords: Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Phylloquinone; Prospective cohort study.

© 2021. The Author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards model with restricted cubic spline curves describing the association between vitamin K1 intake (µg/day) and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and cancer-related mortality. Hazard ratios are based on models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, smoking pack-years, social economic status (income), physical activity, alcohol intake, and education (Model 1b), and are comparing the specific level of vitamin K1 intake (horizontal axis) to the median intake for participants in the lowest intake quintile (57 µg/day)

Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards model with restricted cubic spline curves describing the association between vitamin K1 intake (µg/day) cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality, stratified by baseline smoking status, smoking pack-years, sex, baseline diabetes status, and baseline hypertension status. Hazard ratios are based on models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, social economic status (income), physical activity, alcohol intake, and education (Model 1b), and are comparing the specific level of vitamin K1 intake (horizontal axis) to the median intake for participants in the lowest intake quintile (57 µg/day)

Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards model with restricted cubic spline curves describing the association between vitamin K1 intake (µg/day) cancer-related mortality, stratified by baseline smoking status. Hazard ratios are based on models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking pack-years, social economic status (income), physical activity, alcohol intake, and education (Model 1b), and are comparing the specific level of vitamin K1 intake (horizontal axis) to the median intake for participants in the lowest intake quintile (57 µg/d)

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