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The therapeutic potential of the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the treatment of coronavirus disease-19 - PubMed

Review

. 2021 Oct;14(10):2705-2713.

doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2705-2713. Epub 2021 Oct 23.

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Review

The therapeutic potential of the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the treatment of coronavirus disease-19

Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi et al. Vet World. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has become a global pandemic with unprecedented mortality and morbidity along with attendant financial and economic crises. Furthermore, COVID-19 can easily be transmitted regardless of religion, race, sex, or status. Globally, high hospitalization rates of COVID-19 patients have been reported, and billions of dollars have been spent to contain the pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, which has a significant role in the entry of the virus into the host cell. ACE2 is highly expressed in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs, upper esophagus, stratified epithelial cells, and other tissues in the body. The diminished expressions of ACE2 have been associated with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and immune system dysregulation. Overall, the potential drug candidates that could serve as ACE2 activators or enhance the expression of ACE2 in a disease state, such as COVID-19, hold considerable promise in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reviews the therapeutic potential and pharmacological benefits of the novel ACE2 in the management of COVID-19 using search engines, such as Google, Scopus, PubMed, and PubMed Central.

Keywords: ACE2; COVID-19; Renin-angiotensin system; SARS-CoV-2; hypertension; lung injury.

Copyright: © Oyagbemi, et al.

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Figures

Figure-1
Figure-1

The components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its involvement in the cardiovascular system.

Figure-2
Figure-2

Catabolism of angiotensinogen and the catabolic products of novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.

Figure-3
Figure-3

The potential benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis and the implications of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R).

Figure-4
Figure-4

The structure of SARS-CoV-2 with different cell surface membrane proteins.

Figure-5
Figure-5

The structure of SARS-CoV-2 with different cell surface membrane proteins and the attachment of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Figure-6
Figure-6

Cardiovascular involvement in coronavirus disease-19, key manifestations and hypothetical mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 anchors on transmembrane angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to enter the host cells leading to inflammation and organ failure.

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