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Virucidal Activity of Lemon Essential Oil against Feline Calicivirus Used as Surrogate for Norovirus - PubMed

️Sun Jan 01 2023

doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020322.

Michele Camero¹, Cristiana Catella¹, Giuseppe Fracchiolla², Sabina Sblano², Giovanni Patruno¹, Claudia Maria Trombetta³, Michela Galgano¹, Annamaria Pratelli¹, Maria Tempesta¹, Vito Martella¹, Gianvito Lanave¹

Affiliations

PMID: 36830233
PMCID: PMC9952628
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020322

Virucidal Activity of Lemon Essential Oil against Feline Calicivirus Used as Surrogate for Norovirus

Francesco Pellegrini et al. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023.

Abstract

Norovirus (NoV) is regarded as a common cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide in all age groups, with substantial morbidity across health care and community settings. The lack of in vitro cell culture systems for human NoV has prompted the use of cultivatable caliciviruses (such as feline calicivirus, FCV, or murine NoV) as surrogates for in vitro evaluation of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) may represent a valid tool to counteract viral infections, particularly as food preservatives. In the present study, the virucidal efficacy of lemon EO (LEO) against FCV was assessed in vitro. The gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used to reveal the chemical composition of LEO. The following small molecules were detected as major components of LEO: limonene (53%), β-pinene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), citral (3.8%), α-pinene (2.4%), and β-thujene (1.94%). LEO at 302.0 μg/mL, exceeding the maximum non cytotoxic limit, significantly decreased viral titre of 0.75 log₁₀ TCID50/50 μL after 8 h. Moreover, virucidal activity was tested using LEO at 3020.00 μg/mL, determining a reduction of viral titre as high as 1.25 log₁₀ TCID50/50 μL after 8 h of time contact. These results open up perspectives for the development of alternative prophylaxis approaches for the control of NoV infection.

Keywords: feline calicivirus; lemon essential oil; virucidal activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Virucidal effect of lemon essential oil (LEO) incubated with Feline Calicivirus (FCV) for 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h at room temperature and subsequently titrated in Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney (CrFK) cells. LEO was used at 30.20 μg/mL (A), 302.00 μg/mL (B), and 3020.00 μg/mL (C) against FCV. Viral titres of FCV were expressed as log₁₀ TCID₅₀/50 μL and plotted against LEO at different concentrations. Bars in the figures indicate the means. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.

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