An eosimiid primate of South Asian affinities in the Paleogene of Western Amazonia and the origin of New World monkeys - PubMed

Fig. 2.

Phylogenetic position of A. simpsoni gen. et sp. nov. in a high-level phylogeny of basal anthropoids (Old World, i.e., Paleogene South Asian and North African known taxa), plus known extinct and extant platyrrhines, deriving from a cladistic assessment of the craniodental and postcranial evidence. Single most parsimonious tree of 2,429.49 steps (consistency index [CI] = 0.36; retention index [RI] = 0.56), which was obtained after analyses performed in considering some ordered and scaled multistate characters, and in applying a molecular scaffold of living taxa relationships (Materials and Methods). The cladogram was then subjected to a Bayesian tip-dating analysis (BTD) for divergence-time estimation between taxa. Abbreviations: Af, Afrotarsiidae; Anth, Anthropoidea; Ap, Amphipithecidae; At, Atelidae; Ca, Catarrhini; Cb, Cebidae; Eo, Eosimiidae; Eos, Eosimiiformes; Ho, Homunculidae; Og, Oligopithecidae; Om, Omomyiformes; Pa, Parapithecidae; Pi, Pitheciidae; Pr, Propliopithecidae; Sim, Simiiformes; Sp, strepsirrhines; Ts, Tarsiidae. Upper molars of some basal anthropoids for comparisons: 1, KEB-1-001 right M2 of Amamria tunisiensis (ref. , their figure 3A); 2, NMMP-85 right M1 and NMMP-81 M2 of Afrasia djijidae (ref. , their figure 2 A and B); 3, UFAC-CS 066 right M1 of A. simpsoni gen. et sp. nov. (this paper); 4, M1 of the NMMP-15 right maxillary of Bahinia pondaungensis (ref. ; here 3D rendering of a cast scan); 5, IVPP V22730 right M1 of Bahinia banyueae (ref. , their figure 1F); 6, IVPP V11993 left M1 (reversed) of Eosimias centennicus (ref. , their figure 9); 7, IVPP V11997 right M2 of Phenacopithecus krishtalkai (ref. , their figure 22), 8, CPI-7937 right M1 and CPI-7938 left M2 (reversed) of Ucayalipithecus perdita (ref. , their figure 1A); 9, CPI-6486 right M1 of Perupithecus ucayaliensis (refs. and , their figure 1D); 10, DT1-31 left M1 (reversed) of Talahpithecus parvus (ref. , their figure 2N; here 3D rendering of a cast scan).