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Impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis-odontogenic infection on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - PubMed

Review

Impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis-odontogenic infection on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Linbo Liu et al. Ann Med. 2023.

Abstract

Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by diffuse hepatic steatosis and has quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Its incidence is increasing yearly, but the pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a major pathogen widely prevalent in periodontitis patients. Its infection has been reported to be a risk factor for developing insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between P. gingivalis infection and NAFLD, identify the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and raise public awareness of oral health to prevent and improve NAFLD.Methods: After searching in PubMed and Web of Science databases using 'Porphyromonas gingivalis', 'non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', and 'hepatic steatosis' as keywords, studies related were compiled and examined.Results: P. gingivalis infection is a direct risk factor for NAFLD based on clinical and basic research. Moreover, it induces systematic changes and systemic abnormalities by disrupting metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic homeostasis.Conclusion: P. gingivalis-odontogenic infection promotes the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Further concerns are needed to emphasize oral health and maintain good oral hygiene for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Keywords: Porphyromonas gingivalis; hepatic steatosis; inflammation; insulin resistance; intestinal microbiota; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Plain language summary

Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravates a homeostasis imbalance in hepatic lipid metabolism and an insulin resistance phenotype.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Mechanism of Porphyromonas gingivalis mediated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection induces bacteremia and endotoxemia accelerating the progression of NAFLD.

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Derivates promote pro-inflammatory mediators leading to intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammatory reaction.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection Accelerates the process of ROS production promoting insulin resistance and metabolic disorders.

Figure 5.
Figure 5.

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection Involves in the pathogenesis of NAFLD by inducing the polarization of macrophages.

Figure 6.
Figure 6.

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection Alters autophagy-lysosomal system accelerating the development of NAFLD.

Figure 7.
Figure 7.

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection may promote the occurrence and development of NAFLD by Changing gut microbiota.

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Grants and funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 82200969), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (grant number 2022JQ-941) and Foundation of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (grant number YJ(QN)202010).