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An In-Depth Look Into the Epidemiological and Etiological Aspects of Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review - PubMed

  • ️Sun Jan 01 2023

Review

. 2023 Nov 4;15(11):e48252.

doi: 10.7759/cureus.48252. eCollection 2023 Nov.

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Review

An In-Depth Look Into the Epidemiological and Etiological Aspects of Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review

Munir Al-Ghazawi et al. Cureus. 2023.

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide, and it represents a substantial worldwide health issue, primarily impacting men as they grow older. Understanding its epidemiology and etiology is crucial for crafting efficient preventive measures and enhancing treatment results. The epidemiology of this disease provides valuable insights into its prevalence and distribution. Age is a critical factor, with the risk of prostate cancer increasing with advancing years. Incidence rates are notably higher in developed countries, suggesting a role for lifestyle and environmental factors. Furthermore, there are significant racial and geographical disparities in prostate cancer incidence, with African-American men experiencing both a higher incidence and more aggressive forms of the disease. On the other hand, hormones, especially testosterone and its conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), contribute to prostate cell growth and, potentially, cancer. Genetics also plays a pivotal role, with certain gene mutations, like Breast Cancer gene 1 & 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2), elevating risk. Dietary habits and lifestyle choices influence susceptibility, with diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in saturated fats linked to higher risk. Chronic inflammation, often tied to prostatitis, may further increase susceptibility to prostate cancer. This review article explores the complex realm of prostate cancer, providing insights into its occurrence, factors that elevate risks, and the fundamental factors that play a role in its emergence and how we can prevent it.

Keywords: cancer prevention; prostate cancer; prostate cancer screening; public health; urology.

Copyright © 2023, Al-Ghazawi et al.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. The incidence and mortality rates of Prostate cancer by region during 2020

Source: Reference [2], GLOBOCAN 2020. Correspondence was established with the primary source, culminating in the acquisition of authorization to incorporate the aforementioned figure within the confines of the review.

Figure 2
Figure 2. The primary cancer incidence among men in each country in 2020 as per global cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence (GLOBOCAN) data

Source: Reference [2], GLOBOCAN 2020. Correspondence was established with the primary source, culminating in the acquisition of authorization to incorporate the aforementioned figure within the confines of the review.

Figure 3
Figure 3. Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries based on age

Source: Reference [15] Correspondence was established with the primary source, culminating in the acquisition of authorization to incorporate the aforementioned figure within the confines of the review.

Figure 4
Figure 4. Incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer per 100,000 individuals categorized by race/ethnicity in the United States

These rates are during the period from 2010 to 2014 and have been adjusted to account for age differences among the groups. Source: Reference [16] Correspondence was established with the primary source, culminating in the acquisition of authorization to incorporate the figure mentioned above within the confines of the review.

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