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Alginate Microbeads Containing Halloysite and Layered Double Hydroxide as Efficient Carriers of Natural Antimicrobials - PubMed

  • ️Mon Jan 01 2024

Alginate Microbeads Containing Halloysite and Layered Double Hydroxide as Efficient Carriers of Natural Antimicrobials

Gianluca Viscusi et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2024.

Abstract

The present paper describes the preparation and characterization of novel microbeads from alginate filled with nanoclay such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). HNTs were used as support for the growth of layered double hydroxide (LDH) crystals producing a flower-like structure (HNT@LDH). Such nanofiller was loaded with grapefruit seed oil (GO), an active compound with antimicrobial activity, up to 50% wt. For comparison, the beads were also loaded with HNT and LDH separately, and filled with the same amount of GO. The characterization of the filler was performed using XRD and ATR spectroscopy. The beads were analyzed through XRD, TGA, ATR and SEM. The functional properties of the beads, as nanocarriers of the active compound, were investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy. The release kinetics were recorded and modelled as a function of the structural characteristics of the nanofiller.

Keywords: drug carrier; grapefruit seed oil; halloysite; layered double hydroxide; microencapsulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Schematization of alginate bead preparation through the following steps: (1) extraction of GO from grapefruit; (2) encapsulation of GO in the inorganic fillers: HNT, LDH and the hybrid HNT@LDH; (3) mixing of sodium alginate and LDH + GO, HNT + GO or HNT@LDH + GO; (4) dripping of solution into CaCl2 and occurrence of gelation; (5) drying of beads.

Figure 2
Figure 2

Gas chromatograph spectrum of grapefruit seed oil.

Figure 3
Figure 3

XRD patterns of GO, HNT + GO, LDH + GO, HNT@LDH + GO (a) and the indicated alginate beads (b).

Figure 4
Figure 4

ATR spectra of alginate spheres containing GO and alginate spheres prepared with HNT, LDH and HNT@LDH mixed with GO.

Figure 5
Figure 5

SEM images and EDS mappings of the spheres of alginate and GO (a) (scale bar = 100 µm), alginate and HNT + GO (b) (scale bar = 20 µm), alginate and LDH + GO (c) and alginate and HNT@LDH + GO (d).

Figure 6
Figure 6

Thermal analysis of pure alginate beads, B-HNT + GO, B-LDH + GO and B-HNT@LDH-GO.

Figure 7
Figure 7

Release profiles of linoleic acid of GO from alginate beads.

Figure 8
Figure 8

Schematization of the GO release from HNT, LDH and HNT@LDH.

Figure 9
Figure 9

(a) Radical scavenging activity (%) of GO, B, B-HNT + GO, B-LDH + GO and B-HNT@LDH + GO, and (b) fitting curves of ct data using Equation (4).

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