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The Role of Salicylic Acid in Salinity Stress Mitigation in Dizygostemon riparius: A Medicinal Species Native to South America - PubMed

  • ️Mon Jan 01 2024

The Role of Salicylic Acid in Salinity Stress Mitigation in Dizygostemon riparius: A Medicinal Species Native to South America

Irislene Cutrim Albuquerque et al. Plants (Basel). 2024.

Abstract

Salicylic acid (SA) is a bioregulator well-known for mitigating salinity damage in plants. However, no studies have examined the interaction between SA and salinity in Dizygostemon riparius, a species rich in bioactive molecules. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SA application on Dizygostemon riparius under different salinity levels. A completely randomized experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial design (two SA concentrations of 0 and 100 µM and three salinity concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl) with five replicates. At 400 mM NaCl, leaf temperature increased by 11%, while relative water content and total soluble carbohydrates decreased by 30% and 35%, respectively, leading to reduced biomass accumulation. Notably, the SA application mitigated these effects by restoring relative water content under 400 mM NaCl and improving carboxylation efficiency and intrinsic water-use efficiency under 200 mM NaCl. Additionally, dry biomass was maintained under both 200 and 400 mM NaCl with SA treatment. These findings suggest that SA has a promising potential to alleviate salt stress in Dizygostemon riparius. Our results could inform cultivation practices, opening new perspectives on the use of SA as an attenuator of salinity stress.

Keywords: Dizygostemon riparius; abiotic stress; bioregulator; photosynthetic performance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Phenotypic aspects of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days).

Figure 2
Figure 2

Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 5). Means between treatments that are not significantly different are not labeled with letters. (A) Initial fluorescence—F0; (B) maximum fluorescence—Fm; (C) variable fluorescence—Fv; (D) maximum quantum yield of photosystem II—Fv/Fm; (E) energy absorbed per active reaction center—RC/ABS; (F) variable fluorescence per initial fluorescence—Fv/F0, and (G) performance index—PI.

Figure 3
Figure 3

Photosynthetic pigments parameters of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 5). Capital letters compare salinity levels within each salicylic acid treatment, while lowercase letters compare the control and salicylic acid treatment within each salinity level (Skoot–Knot test; p ≤ 0.05). Means between treatments that are not significantly different are not labeled with letters. (A) Chlorophyll a; (B) Chlorophyll b; (C) Chlorophyll a/b; (D) Total chlorophyll; (E) Carotenoids; and (F) Total chlorophyll/carotenoid.

Figure 4
Figure 4

Gas exchange parameters of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 5). Capital letters compare salinity levels within each salicylic acid treatment, while lowercase letters compare the control and salicylic acid treatment within each salinity level (Skoot–Knot test; p ≤ 0.05). (A) Net carbon assimilation—A; (B) stomatal conductance—gs; (C) internal CO2 concentration—Ci; (D) transpiration rate—E; (E) ambient intercellular CO2 concentration ratio—Ci/Ca; (F) carboxylation efficiency—A/Ci; and (G) intrinsic water-use efficiency—A/gs.

Figure 5
Figure 5

Leaf temperature of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 5). Capital letters compare salinity levels within each salicylic acid treatment, while lowercase letters compare the control and salicylic acid treatment within each salinity level (Skoot–Knot test; p ≤ 0.05). (A) Thermal imaging and (B) leaf temperature.

Figure 6
Figure 6

Growth and dry mass parameters of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 5). Capital letters compare salinity levels within each salicylic acid treatment, while lowercase letters compare the control and salicylic acid treatment within each salinity level (Skoot–Knot test; p ≤ 0.05). Means between treatments that are not significantly different are not labeled with letters. (A) Length of the aerial part (cm); (B) stem diameter (mm); (C) root length (cm); (D) leaf dry mass (g); (E) stem dry mass (g); (F) root dry mass (g); (G) ratio between dry mass of the aerial part and root; and (H) relative rate of leaf water (%).

Figure 7
Figure 7

Proline concentration and total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) in leaves of 66-day-old Dizygostemon riparius plants treated without and with salicylic acid (0 and 100 µM for twenty-one days) and grown under different salinity levels (0, 200, and 400 mM NaCl for six days). Values represent means ± standard error (n = 3). Capital letters compare salinity levels within each salicylic acid treatment, while lowercase letters compare the control and salicylic acid treatment within each salinity level (Skoot–Knot test; p ≤ 0.05). Means between treatments that are not significantly different are not labeled with letters. (A) Proline and (B) total soluble carbohydrates—TSC.

Figure 8
Figure 8

Schematic representation of the experimental design: two salicylic acid concentrations (0 and 100 µM AS) and three salinity concentrations (0, 200 and 400 mM NaCl) on Dizygostemon riparius. See further details in Section 4.

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