Cytokine circuits in brain. Implications for AIDS dementia complex - PubMed

Affiliations

• PMID: 8115722

Review

Cytokine circuits in brain. Implications for AIDS dementia complex

E N Benveniste. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1994.

Abstract

This chapter has summarized studies showing that cells of the immune system and glial cells of the CNS use many of the same cytokines as communication signals. Activated astrocytes and microglia are the principal sources of these cytokines in the CNS, although oligodendrocytes are capable of expressing IL-1 and TGF-beta. There is a complex circuitry of interactions mediated by cytokines, especially in the event of blood-brain barrier damage and lymphoid/mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS. Infiltrating activated macrophages produce cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, which would trigger glial cells to produce their own cytokines. The activation of astrocytes and microglia to secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and GM-CsF may contribute to the propagation of intracerebral immune and inflammatory responses initiated by immune cells, as well as enhancement of HIV-1 expression in the CNS. The cytokine cascades ongoing in the CNS could ultimately be suppressed due to the presence of immunosuppressive cytokines such as TGF-beta. Whether immune and inflammatory responses within the CNS are propagated or suppressed depends on a number of parameters, including (a) the activational status of these cells, (b) cytokine receptor levels on glial and immune cells, (c) the presence of cytokines with both immune-enhancing and immune-suppressing effects (IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, TGF-beta, CsFs), (d) the concentration and location of these cytokines in the CNS, and (e) the temporal sequence in which a particular cell is exposed to numerous cytokines (see Fig. 1). The ultimate outcome of immunologic and inflammatory events in the CNS, as well as HIV expression, will be determined, in part, by an interplay of the above parameters.

Similar articles

• The regulation and functional consequence of proinflammatory cytokine binding on human intestinal epithelial cells.

  Panja A, Goldberg S, Eckmann L, Krishen P, Mayer L. Panja A, et al. J Immunol. 1998 Oct 1;161(7):3675-84. J Immunol. 1998. PMID: 9759892

• GM-CSF and M-CSF modulate beta-chemokine and HIV-1 expression in microglia.

  Si Q, Cosenza M, Zhao ML, Goldstein H, Lee SC. Si Q, et al. Glia. 2002 Aug;39(2):174-83. doi: 10.1002/glia.10095. Glia. 2002. PMID: 12112368

• Role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in HIV-associated dementia.

  Brabers NA, Nottet HS. Brabers NA, et al. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006 Jul;36(7):447-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01657.x. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006. PMID: 16796601 Review.

• [Cytokines and inflammation].

  Cavaillon JM, Haeffner-Cavaillon N. Cavaillon JM, et al. Rev Prat. 1993 Mar 1;43(5):547-52. Rev Prat. 1993. PMID: 8341924 Review. French.

Cited by

• Cooperative roles of NF-κB and NFAT4 in polyomavirus JC regulation at the KB control element.

  Wollebo HS, Melis S, Khalili K, Safak M, White MK. Wollebo HS, et al. Virology. 2012 Oct 10;432(1):146-54. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.010. Epub 2012 Jun 30. Virology. 2012. PMID: 22749879 Free PMC article.

• Novel role of TGF-beta in differential astrocyte-TIMP-1 regulation: implications for HIV-1-dementia and neuroinflammation.

  Dhar A, Gardner J, Borgmann K, Wu L, Ghorpade A. Dhar A, et al. J Neurosci Res. 2006 May 15;83(7):1271-80. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20787. J Neurosci Res. 2006. PMID: 16496359 Free PMC article.

• The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS.

  Lehnardt S, Lachance C, Patrizi S, Lefebvre S, Follett PL, Jensen FE, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Vartanian T. Lehnardt S, et al. J Neurosci. 2002 Apr 1;22(7):2478-86. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02478.2002. J Neurosci. 2002. PMID: 11923412 Free PMC article.

• Specific protein profile in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-1-positive cART-treated patients affected by neurological disorders.

  Zanin V, Delbue S, Marcuzzi A, Tavazzi E, Del Savio R, Crovella S, Marchioni E, Ferrante P, Comar M. Zanin V, et al. J Neurovirol. 2012 Oct;18(5):416-22. doi: 10.1007/s13365-012-0109-y. Epub 2012 May 12. J Neurovirol. 2012. PMID: 22581428

• Expression of substance P, neurokinin-1 receptor and immune markers in the brains of individuals with HIV-associated neuropathology.

  Spitsin S, Stevens KE, Douglas SD. Spitsin S, et al. J Neurol Sci. 2013 Nov 15;334(1-2):18-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.008. Epub 2013 Aug 2. J Neurol Sci. 2013. PMID: 23916293 Free PMC article.

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

• Other Literature Sources

  • The Lens - Patent Citations Database