Childhood exposure to violence and lifelong health: Clinical intervention science and stress-biology research join forces
“…Also, in longitudinal cohorts, researchers may want to consider giving more weight to exposures during these sensitive periods. Collaboration across disciplines will help suggest certain stages in the life course that are likely to have particular relevance for long-term health development, for example, due to a propensity for epigenetic alterations or other forms of biologic sensitivity (Moffitt 2013).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
“…This allows for escaping bullying victimisation or changes in bully status groups. Lastly, the wealth of background information available in this cohort allows for adjusting for a comprehensive range of potential confounding variables such as parenting behaviour, domestic violence, pre-existing internalizing and externalizing problems along with previous diagnosable psychiatric disorders, all of which have previously been linked to bullying experiences [37,30] and mental health problems [38,39].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
“…Being subjected to abuse by a parent is serious and increases the risk of trauma symptoms, depression and behavioural problems in children (Garbarino et al 1991;Moffitt 2013). Previous research has also shown that children who have been exposed to trauma are more likely to be exposed again; re-victimised (Gilbert et al 2009) and also to be exposed to other types of trauma; and poly-victimised (Clarkson Freeman 2014).…”
Section: Children and Traumamentioning
“…Being exposed to parental violence increases the risk of trauma symptoms such as traumatic stress, depression and behavioural problems (Garbarino et al 1991;Moffitt 2013). Child victims of physical abuse are also at increased risk of future eating disorders, conduct disorders, alcohol and drug abuse and sexual risk behaviour (Norman et al 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning