Phosphoinositide-signaling is one component of a robust plant defense response

“…Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate the precursor inositol in a pathway that produces various phosphatidylinositol phosphates and inositol phosphates, which subsequently act as intracellular second messengers on perceiving an extracellular signal (Munnik & Testerink, ). Enzymes in this pathway are inducible by stress and plant hormone treatments (Lin et al ., ), and play an important role in defense response signaling on herbivore and pathogen attack (Laxalt & Munnik, ; Mosblech et al ., ; Hung et al ., ). Phospholipid signaling is involved in various aspects of biotic defense signaling, including JA biosynthesis by affecting linoleic acid production from plasma membranes, potentiation of the COI1–JAZ complex for jasmonate recognition via a specific inositol phosphate cofactor and intracellular signaling to activate and later downregulate defense gene expression after pathogen elicitor recognition (Laxalt & Munnik, ; Sheard et al ., ; Zhang & Xiao, ).…”