Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection
“…Headache, low-grade fever, nuchal rigidity and vomiting were the most prominent symptoms while rash or diarrhoea occurred in 5-6 % of patients [13]. Noteworthily, also severe and disseminated courses with a sepsis-like picture have been observed particularly in immunocompromised patients and neonates [14][15][16]. Recently, a case of fatal E-18 encephalitis in an 18-month-old infant was reported [17].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
“…Cell tropism and pathogenicity depend on these receptors and on cellular trans-acting factors. 97,98 EV-A71 and CV-A16 but not CV-A6 and CV-A10, use the ubiquitous human scavenger receptor class B member 2 (hSCARB2) and the leukocyte P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) to infect a wide variety of host cells. 99,100 hSCARB2 is capable of viral binding, uncoating and internalization.…”
Section: Enteroviruses Cell and Tissue Tropismmentioning
“…[102][103][104][105] Both CV-B3 and CV-B5 use the decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55) for primary attachment and the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) as an internalization receptor. 98,106 CAR is an integral membrane protein localized to tight junctions highly expressed in developing brain and heart, and mediates CV-B3 and CV-B5 infection of cardiac myocytes as well as neural progenitor and stem cells leading to acute myocarditis and CNS involvement. [106][107][108] Echovirus 30, the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in young infants, binds to the heterodimeric vitronectin avb3 receptor controlling neural cell differentiation to induce productive infection of target cells and neuronal cell death through the activation of the TRIO-RhoA signaling pathway.…”
Section: Enteroviruses Cell and Tissue Tropismmentioning
“…Viral encephalomyelitis characterized by inflammation involving both the brain and spinal cord also occurs and consists of perivascular cuffing, edema, necrosis, microglial nodules, and neuronophagia (47). Neurons in the brainstem typically show intense antigen positivity in severe cases, as well (49).…”
Section: Figmentioning