Central Nervous System and Peripheral Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease: Biomarker Profiling Approach
“…IL-8 is a chemokine and angiogenesis promoter produced by macrophages but also by other cell types such as epithelial and endothelial cells. IL-8 has been reported to be increase in plasma and CSF of patients with clinically diagnosed AD (Wennstrom et al, 2015), but other studies found no association (Delaby et al, 2015;Swardfager et al, 2010) or even decreased levels (Hesse et al, 2016) in AD dementia. In our study we observed only a relatively weak association the serum IL-8 with p-tau181 levels after controlling for confounders.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
“…Several studies in subjects with mid cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD dementia revealed increased inflammatory activity in both the CNS and the circulating blood. However, reports on cytokines and other markers of inflammation in MCI or AD were controversial or inconsistent so far (Brosseron et al, 2014;Delaby et al, 2015;Hesse et al, 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
“…Additionally to the activation of microglia and astrocytes, which are resident brain cells, this local innate immunity entails various inflammation-related proteins, including acute-phase proteins, complement factors, chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines [62]. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells play a role in the brain's pathological events [63].…”
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“…In the last 15 years, a new theory has proposed the autoimmune mechanism as a trigger for AD. This theory involves a dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and multiple cytokines 9, 10,11 . As reviewed by Naert and Rivest, activated microglia and astrocytes secrete inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, while age-related inflammation and chronic infection with herpes viruses might contribute to the systemic inflammation 12 .…”
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