Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

“…These findings are consistent with the increases in CA, CDCA, and DCA reported in morbidly obese patients 2 years after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery . The bile acid components increased overall after saxagliptin treatment, which is in line with the results of most metabolic surgeries . Bile acids are initially synthesized in the liver by a series of enzymes.…”

“…Bile acids are a class of small molecule metabolites consisting of different components. In humans, primary bile acids (CA, CDCA) are synthesized from cholesterol in hepatocytes, a process initiated by the rate‐limiting enzyme CYP7A1, with the primary bile acids then entering the intestine, where they are transformed into more polar secondary bile acids (DCA, LCA, UDCA) by intestinal microbiota . Abundant evidence has demonstrated the important roles of bile acids in glucose homeostasis .…”

“…In the liver, FXR is predominantly expressed on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, whereas TGR5 is expressed on non-parenchymal cells including hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells), sinusoidal endothelial cells, and on the apical surface and primary cilium of cholangiocytes (31). In contrast, both receptors are poorly expressed on hepatic stellate cells.…”

“…31, Chavez-Talavera O, et al Bile acid control of metabolism and inflammation in obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2017;152:1679–1694.…”