Essential Oils as an Alternative to Pyrethroids’ Resistance against Anopheles Species Complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…Lower adulticidal toxicity of Lippia oil was also previously reported in the case of L. polystachyaty and L. turbinate Gleiser and Zygadlo (2007). Since the possibility of contact toxicity and the toxicity through ingestion is lesser in the case of adult individuals, the possible way of most of the terpene compounds to enter the adult insect's body is through the respiratory system (fumigant toxicity), Gnankine and Bassole, 2017. This might be a reason for the lower adulticidal activity of the oil found against selected mosquito species.…”

“…EOs and plants to be tested were selected on the basis of the results of previous studies mainly focused on their repellence to mosquitoes [47][48][49][50][51][52] and leafhoppers 43 . Essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit flowers, Cymbopogon nardus Rendl.…”

“…A variety of EOs have significant repellent effects; however, the effects tend to dissipate quickly due to their high volatility. EOs generally act in the vapor phase [ 45 , 46 ], being active only for a short period of time. For example, citronella oil is highly volatile, and thus, insect repellents with citronella oil as the major component need to be reapplied every 20–60 minutes [ 47 , 48 ].…”