Poland People 2024, CIA World Factbook
Population
37,991,766 (2023 est.)
Nationality
noun: Pole(s)
adjective: Polish
Ethnic groups
Polish 96.9%, Silesian 1.1%, German 0.2%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)
note: represents ethnicity declared first
Languages
Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.2%; note - data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Księga Faktów Świata, niezbędne źródło podstawowych informacji. (Polish)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Polish audio sample:
Religions
Catholic 85% (includes Roman Catholic 84.8% and other Catholic 0.3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentecostal), other 0.3% (includes Jehovah's Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Church of Jesus Christ), unspecified 12.9% (2020 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.53% (male 2,839,788/female 2,680,401)
15-64 years: 64.87% (male 12,364,282/female 12,280,814)
65 years and over: 20.6% (2023 est.) (male 3,171,838/female 4,654,643)
2023 population pyramid: 
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51.4
youth dependency ratio: 23.4
elderly dependency ratio: 28.6
potential support ratio: 3.5 (2021 est.)
Median age
total: 42.4 years (2023 est.)
male: 41.1 years
female: 43.7 years
Population growth rate
-1.03% (2023 est.)
Birth rate
8.7 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate
12.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Net migration rate
-6.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Population distribution
population concentrated in the southern area around Krakow and the central area around Warsaw and Lodz, with an extension to the northern coastal city of Gdansk
Urbanization
urban population: 60.2% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: -0.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.798 million WARSAW (capital), 769,000 Krakow (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
27.9 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
2 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
male: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 75.8 years (2023 est.)
male: 71.7 years
female: 80 years
Total fertility rate
1.31 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
0.64 (2023 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
62.3% (2014)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Current health expenditure
6.5% of GDP (2020)
Physicians density
3.77 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density
6.5 beds/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: intermediate (2023)
vectorborne diseases: tickborne encephalitis
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
23.1% (2016)
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 5.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 0.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 4.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Tobacco use
total: 24% (2020 est.)
male: 27.9% (2020 est.)
female: 20.1% (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
56.6% (2023 est.)
Education expenditures
5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2021)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 16 years
male: 15 years
female: 17 years (2020)
NOTE: The information regarding Poland on this page is re-published from the 2024 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency and other sources. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Poland 2024 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Poland 2024 should be addressed to the CIA or the source cited on each page.