India
- ️ben cahoon
India
| Map of India |
Hear
National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) |
Text
of National Anthem Adopted 24 Jan 1950 |
Constitution (26 Jan 1950) |
| Capital:
New Delhi (Delhi 1192-1327, 1344-1501, 1648-1858; Daulatabad 1327-1344; Agra 1501- 1540, 1599-1613, 1616-1648; Fatehpur Sikri 1570-1585; Lahore 1585-1599; Ajmer 1613-1616) (British India: New Delhi from 1929; Calcutta 1774-23 Dec 1929; Summer capital [Apr-Oct]: Simla 1911-1947) |
Currency:
Indian Rupee (INR) |
National
Holiday: 26 Jan (1950) Republic Day |
Population:
1,220,800,359 (2013) |
| GDP: $4.96 trillion (2013) |
Exports:
$317.8 billion (2013) Imports: $515.1 billion (2013) |
Ethnic groups:
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,
Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) |
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Total Active
Armed Forces: 1,325,000 (2010) Declared Nuclear Power (1998): est. 130 weapons (2017) Merchant marine: 340 ships (2010) |
Religions:
Hindu 72.04%, Muslim 12.26% (of which Sunni 8.06%, Shi'i 4.20%), Christian 6.81% (Protestant 1.74%, Roman Catholic 1.62%, Orthodox 0.22%, other Christian 3.22%), traditional beliefs 3.83%, Sikh 1.87%, Buddhist 0.67%, Jain 0.51%, Baha'i 0.17%, Parsi (Zoroastrian) 0.02%, non-religious 1.22%, atheist 0.17%, other 0.43% (2005) |
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| International
Organizations/Treaties: AC (observer),
ACS (observer), AfDB
(nonregional), ADB, AG, AIIB, AL
(observer), ANT
(consultative), ARF,
ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIMSTEC, BIS,
BRICS, BTWC, C, CERN (associate), CICA,
CP, CWC, EAS, ECOWAS (partner), ENMOD,
ESCR, FAO, FATF, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, Intersputnik, IPU, IRENA,
ISA, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, KP, MIGA, Moon (signatory),
MTCR, NAM, NDB, NTBT, OAS (observer),
OECD (partner), OPCW, OST, PA
(observer), PCA, PIF
(partner), SAARC, SACEP, SCO, UN, UNCLOS,
UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFCC, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (nonregional),
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| India Index |
Chronology
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Indian
States (since 1947) |
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Princely states A - J & K - Z |
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British
India Provinces |
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Free
India (Azad Hind) (1943-1945) |
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British
East India Company (1783-1858) |
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Jammu and Kashmir (1686-1947) |
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Danish India (1620-1845) |
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Dutch India (1608-1825) |
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French India (1673-1954) |
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Ostend Company (1719-1744) |
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Portuguese India (1505-1962) |
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Sikkim (1642-1975) |
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Map of British India (1934-1947) |
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Historical
Maps of India |
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Emperors (title Padshah, sometimes Padshah-i
Hind - emperor of India)
31 Jul 1658 - 2 Mar 1707 Mohyi
ad-Din Abu'l
Mozaffar (b.
1618 - d. 1707)
Mohammad Awrangzib Bahadur
`Alamgir Padshah-e Ghazi
14 Mar 1707 - 27 Apr 1707 Qotb ad-Din Abu'l
Fayaz
(b. 1653 - d. 1707)
Mohammad A`zam Shah Padshah-e
Ghazi
(continues in rebellion to 18 Jun 1707)
27 Apr 1707 - 27 Feb 1712 Qotb ad-Din
Abu'n Nasr Sayyed (b.
1643 - d. 1712)
Mohammad Shah `Alam I Bahadur
Shah Padshah-e
Ghazi
(b. 1643 - d. 1712)
(retroactive to 23 Mar 1707)
27 Apr 1707 - 13 Jan 1709 Mohammad Kam
Bakhsh-e Dinpanah
ebn Awrangzib `Alamgir Padshah (b. 1666 -
d. 1709)
(in rebellion)
29 Feb 1712 - 17 Mar 1712 Mohammad `Azim
ash-Shan ebn
Bahadur Shah
Padshah
(b. 1664 - d. 1712)
29 Feb 1712 - 28 Mar 1712 Mohammad Rafi`
ash-Shan ebn
(b. 16.. - d. 1712)
Bahadur Shah Padshah
(in rebellion)
29 Feb 1712 - 27 Mar 1712 Jahan Shah ebn
Bahadur Shah
(b. 16.. - d. 1712)
Padshah "Khojestan Akhtar"
(in rebellion)
30 Mar 1712 - 11 Jan 1713 Mo`ezz ad-Din
Abu'l
Fath
(b. 1661 - d. 1713)
Mohammad Jahandar Shah Padshah
11 Jan 1713 - 1 Mar 1719 Mo`in
ad-Din (or Jalal ad-Din) (b.
1687 - d. 1719)
Abu'l Mozaffar Mohammad
Farrokhsiyar Padshah
1 Mar 1719 - 7 Jun 1719 Shams
ad-Din Abu'l
Barakat
(b. 1699 - d. 1719)
Soltan Mohammad Rafi` ad-Darjat
Padshah-e Ghazi
30 Mar 1719 - 13 Aug 1719 Mohammad Shah
Nikusiyar (b.
1679 - d. 1723)
(in rebellion)
8 Jun 1719 - 6 Sep 1719
Mohammad Shah Jahan II
Sani (b.
1696 - d. 1719)
Padshah (Mohammad Rafi` ad-Dawla)
28 Sep 1719 - 26 Apr 1748 Naser ad-Din
Abu'l
Fath
(b. 1702 - d. 1748)
(from 1722 Abu'l-Mozaffar)
Mohammad Shah Padshah-e Ghazi
"Rawshan Akhtar"
12 Oct 1720 - 19 Nov 1720 Zahir ad-Din
Abu'l Fath Mohammad (d. 1720)
Ebrahim Shah Padshah
(in rebellion)
29 Apr 1748 - 3 Jun 1754 Mojahed
ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Ahmad (b. 1725 -
d. 1773)
Shah Bahadur Padshah-e Ghazi
3 Jun 1754 - 29 Nov 1759 `Aziz
ad-Din Abu'l-`Adl Mohammad (b. 1699 - d.
1759)
`Alamgir Padhsh-e Ghazi
11 Dec 1759 - 25 Dec 1759 Mohyi-e Millat
(or Mohyi ad-Din)
Shah Jahan III Sani ebn Mohyi-e
Sannat Mohammad
25 Dec 1759 - 1 Aug 1788 Jalal
ad-Din Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
"Ham-e Din" (1st
time)
(b. 1728 - d. 1806)
1 Aug 1788 - 9 Oct 1788
Mohammad Bidarbakht ebn Ahmad Shah
16 Oct 1788 - 10 Nov 1806 Jalal ad-Din
Abu´l Mozaffar
Mohammad Shah `Alam II Padshah
"Ham-e Din" (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
18 Nov 1806 - 28 Sep 1837 Mo`in ad-Din
Abu´n Nasr Mohammad (b. 1759 - d. 1837)
Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani
29 Sep 1837 - 29 Mar 1858 Seraj ad-Din
Abu´l
Mozaffar (b.
1775 - d. 1862)
Mohammad Bahadur Shah Padshah II
(10 May 1857 - 22 Mar 1858, in
in rebellion against British rule)
Emperors/Empresses¹
1 Jan 1877 - 22 Jun 1948 the
kings/queens of United
Kingdom
Governors-general (of the British East India Company) 20 Oct 1774 - 1 Feb 1785 Warren Hastings (b. 1732 - d. 1818) 1 Feb 1785 - 12 Sep 1786 John Macpherson (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1821) 12 Sep 1786 - 28 Oct 1793 Charles Mann Cornwallis, Earl (b. 1738 - d. 1805) of Cornwallis (1st time) 28 Oct 1793 - Mar 1798 Sir John Shore (b. 1751 - d. 1834) Mar 1798 - 18 May 1798 Sir Alured Clarke (acting) (b. 1745 - d. 1832) 18 May 1798 - 30 Jul 1805 Richard Colley Wellesley, (b. 1760 - d. 1842) Baron Wellesley (from 2 Dec 1799, Richard Colley
Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley of Norragh) 30 Jul 1805 - 5 Oct 1805 Charles Cornwallis, Marquess (s.a.) Cornwallis (2nd time) 10 Oct 1805 - 31 Jul 1807 Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1846) 31 Jul 1807 - 4 Oct 1813 Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto (b. 1751 - d. 1814) 4 Oct 1813 - 9 Jan 1823 Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Earl (b. 1754 - d. 1826) of Moira (from 13 Feb 1817, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings) 9 Jan 1823 - 1 Aug 1823 John Adam (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1825) 1 Aug 1823 - 13 Mar 1828 William Pitt Amherst, Baron (b. 1773 - d. 1857) Amherst (from 19 Dec 1826, William Pitt Amherst,
Earl Amherst of Holmesdale in the County of Kent) 13 Mar 1828 - 4 Jul 1828 William Butterworth Bayley (b. 1782 - d. 1860) (acting) 4 Jul 1828 - 20 Mar 1835 William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, (b. 1774 - d. 1839) Lord Bentinck 20 Mar 1835 - 4 Mar 1836 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1785 - d. 1846) (acting) 4 Mar 1836 - 28 Feb 1842 George Eden, Baron Auckland (b. 1784 - d. 1849) (from 11 Dec 1839, George Eden, Earl of Auckland) 28 Feb 1842 - Jun 1844 Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough (b. 1790 - d. 1871) Jun 1844 - 23 Jul 1844 William Wilberforce Bird (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1857) 23 Jul 1844 - 12 Jan 1848 Henry Hardinge, (from 21 Apr 1846) (b. 1785 - d. 1856) Viscount Hardinge 12 Jan 1848 - 28 Feb 1856 James Andrew Broun Ramsay (b. 1812 - d. 1860) (from 4 Jun 1849, Marquess and
Earl of Dalhousie)
28 Feb 1856 - 1 Nov 1858 Charles John Canning, Viscount (b. 1812 - d. 1862) Canning of Kilbraham
Viceroys and Governors-general 1 Nov 1858 - 21 Mar 1862 Charles John Canning, Viscount (s.a.) Canning of Kilbraham (from 12 May 1859, Charles John Canning, Earl Canning) 21 Mar 1862 - 20 Nov 1863 James Bruce, Earl of Elgin and (b. 1811 - d. 1863) Kincardine 21 Nov 1863 - 2 Dec 1863 Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (b. 1810 - d. 1890) (acting) 2 Dec 1863 - 12 Jan 1864 Sir William Thomas Denison (b. 1804 - d. 1871) (acting) 12 Jan 1864 - 12 Jan 1869 Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence (b. 1811 - d. 1879) 12 Jan 1869 - 8 Feb 1872 Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl (b. 1822 - d. 1872) of the County of Mayo 9 Feb 1872 - 23 Feb 1872 Sir John Strachey (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1907) 24 Feb 1872 - 3 May 1872 Francis Napier, Lord Napier of (b. 1819 - d. 1898) Merchistoun (acting) 3 May 1872 - 12 Apr 1876 Thomas George Baring, Baron (b. 1826 - d. 1904) Northbrook of Stratton 12 Apr 1876 - 8 Jun 1880 Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton (b. 1831 - d. 1891) of Knebworth
8 Jun 1880 - 13 Dec 1884 George Frederick Samuel Robinson, (b. 1827 - d. 1909) Marquess of Ripon in the County of York 13 Dec 1884 - 10 Dec 1888 Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple- (b. 1826 - d. 1902) Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin 10 Dec 1888 - 11 Oct 1894 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquess (b. 1845 - d. 1927) of Lansdowne in the County of Somerset 11 Oct 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of (b. 1849 - d. 1917) Elgin and Kincardine 6 Jan 1899 - 18 Nov 1905 George Nathaniel Curzon, Baron (b. 1859 - d. 1925) Curzon of Kedleston 18 Nov 1905 - 23 Nov 1910 Gilbert John Elliot-Murray- (b. 1845 - d. 1914) Kynynmound, Earl of Minto 23 Nov 1910 - 4 Apr 1916 Charles Hardinge, Baron Hardinge (b. 1858 - d. 1944) of Penshurst 4 Apr 1916 - 2 Apr 1921 Frederic John Napier Thesiger, (b. 1868 - d. 1933) Baron Chelmsford 2 Apr 1921 - 3 Apr 1926 Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Baron (b. 1860 - d. 1935) Reading of Erleigh 10 Apr 1925 - 8 Aug 1925 Victor Alexander George Robert (b. 1876 - d. 1947) Bulwer-Lytton, Earl of Lytton (viceroy and acting governor-general) 3 Apr 1926 - 18 Apr 1931 Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, (b. 1881 - d. 1959) Baron Irwin 30 Jun 1929 - 25 Oct 1929 George Joachim Goschen, Viscount (b. 1866 - d. 1952) Goschen of Hawkhurst in the County of Kent
(viceroy and acting governor-general) 18 Apr 1931 - 18 Apr 1936 George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, (b. 1866 - d. 1941) Earl of Willingdon 18 Apr 1936 - 1 Apr 1937 Victor Alexander John Hope, (b. 1887 - d. 1952)
Marquess of Linlithgow in the
County of Linlithgow Viceroys, Governors-general and Crown Representatives
1 Apr 1937 - 1 Oct 1943 Victor Alexander John Hope, (s.a.)
Marquess of Linlithgow in the
County of Linlithgow
25 Jun 1938 - 24 Oct 1938 Michael Herbert Rudolph (b. 1895 - d. 1939)
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Baron
Brabourne
(viceroy and acting governor-general) 1 Oct 1943 - 23 Mar 1947 Archibald Percival Wavell, (b. 1883 - d. 1950) Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of
Winchester in the County of Southampton
24 Mar 1947 - 14 Aug 1947 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (b. 1900 - d. 1979) Viscount Mountbatten of Burma Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, (s.a.) Viscount Mountbatten of Burma
(from 28 Oct 1947, Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Baron Romsey, in the County of Southampton) 21 Jun 1948 - 25 Jan 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. 1878 - d. 1972) Presidents 26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 Rajendra Prasad (b. 1884 - d. 1963)INC/Non-party 13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (b. 1888 - d. 1975) Non-party 13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain (b. 1897 - d. 1969) Non-party 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1980) Non-party (acting) 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 Muhammad Hidayatullah (acting) (b. 1905 - d. 1992) Non-party 24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party 24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (b. 1905 - d. 1977)INC/Non-party 11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 Basappa Danappa Jatti (acting) (b. 1912 - d. 2002) Non-party 25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (b. 1913 - d. 1996)INC/Non-party 25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 Giani Zail Singh (b. 1916 - d. 1994)INC/Non-party 25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910 - d. 2009)INC/Non-party 25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma (b. 1918 - d. 1999)INC/Non-party 25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (b. 1920 - d. 2005) Non-party 25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Aavul Pakkiri Jainulabidin (A.P.J.)(b. 1931 - d. 2015) Non-party
Abdul Kalam
25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012 Pratibha Devisingh Patil (f) (b. 1934) INC/Non-party
25 Jul 2012 - 25 Jul 2017 Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (b. 1935) INC/Non-party
25 Jul 2017 - Ram Nath Kovind (b. 1945) BJP/Non-party
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Secretaries of State for India (and
1937-1948, for Burma)(in London)
2 Sep 1858 - 18 Jun 1859 Edward Henry
Stanley, Lord (b.
1826 - d. 1893)
Stanley
18 Jun 1859 - 16 Feb 1866 Sir Charles
Wood
(b. 1800 - d. 1885)
16 Feb 1866 - 6 Jul 1866 George
Frederick Samuel Robinson,
Earl of Ripon
6 Jul 1866 - 8 Mar 1867 Robert
Arthur Talbot Gascoyne- (b. 1830 -
d. 1903)
Cecil, Viscount Cranborne
(1st time) 8 Mar 1867 - 9 Dec 1868 Sir Stafford Henry Northcote (b. 1818 - d. 1887) 9 Dec 1868 - 21 Feb 1874 George Douglas Campbell, (b. 1823 - d. 1900) Duke of Argyll 21 Feb 1874 - 2 Apr 1878 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne- (s.a.)
Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury
(2nd time) 2 Apr 1878 - 28 Apr 1880 Gathorne Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (b. 1814 - d. 1906) 28 Apr 1880 - 16 Dec 1882 Spencer Compton Cavendish, (b. 1833 - d. 1908) Marquess of Hartington 16 Dec 1882 - 24 Jun 1885 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (b. 1826 - d. 1902) (1st time) 24 Jun 1885 - 6 Feb 1886 Randolph Henry Spencher Churchill (b. 1849 - d. 1895) 6 Feb 1886 - 3 Aug 1886 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (2nd time) 3 Aug 1886 - 18 Aug 1892 Sir Richard Assheton, Viscount (b. 1823 - d. 1914) Cross (from 18 Aug 1886, Richard
Assheton Cross, Viscount Cross) 18 Aug 1892 - 10 Mar 1894 John Woodhouse, Earl of Kimberley (s.a.) (3rd time) 10 Mar 1894 - 4 Jul 1895 Henry Hartley Fowler (b. 1830 - d. 1911) 4 Jul 1895 - 9 Oct 1903 Lord George Francis Hamilton (b. 1845 - d. 1927) 9 Oct 1903 - 11 Dec 1905 William St.John Fremantle Brodrick (b. 1856 - d. 1942) 11 Dec 1905 - 3 Nov 1910 John Morley, (from 5 May 1908) (b. 1838 - d. 1923) Viscount Morley of Blackburn 7 Nov 1910 - 27 May 1915 Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe (b. 1858 - d. 1945) (from 20 Jun 1911, Robert Crewe-Milnes, Marquess of Crewe) 7 Mar 1911 - 25 May 1911 John Morley, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (acting for Crewe) (s.a.) 25 May 1915 - 17 Jul 1917 Joseph Austen Chamberlain (b. 1863 - d. 1937) 17 Jul 1917 - 10 Mar 1922 Edwin Samuel Montagu (b. 1879 - d. 1924) 21 Mar 1922 - 23 Jan 1924 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (b. 1867 - d. 1937) Viscount Peel (1st time) 23 Jan 1924 - 7 Nov 1924 Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier, (b. 1859 - d. 1943) (from 12 Feb 1924, Sydney Haldane Olivier, Baron Olivier) 7 Nov 1924 - 22 Oct 1928 Frederick Edwin Smith, Earl (b. 1872 - d. 1930) of Birkenhead 1 Nov 1928 - 7 Jun 1929 William Robert Wellesley Peel, (s.a.) Viscount Peel (2nd time) 8 Jun 1929 - 26 Aug 1931 William Wedgwood Benn (b. 1877 - d. 1966) 26 Aug 1931 - 7 Jun 1935 Sir Samuel John Gurney Hoare (b. 1880 - d. 1958) 7 Jun 1935 - 15 May 1940 Lawrence John Lumbey Dundas, (b. 1876 - d. 1961) Marquess of Zetland 15 May 1940 - 3 Aug 1945 Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett (b. 1873 - d. 1955) Amery 3 Aug 1945 - 23 Apr 1947 Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence,(b. 1871 - d. 1961) Baron Pentick-Lawrence of Peaslake 23 Apr 1947 - 14 Aug 1947 William Francis Hare, (b. 1906 - d. 1967) Earl of Listowel
Prime ministers 25 Aug 1946 - 27 May 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru (b. 1889 - d. 1964) INC 27 May 1964 - 9 Jun 1964 Gulzarilal Nanda (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1998) INC 9 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri (b. 1904 - d. 1966) INC 11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966 Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd time) (s.a.) INC 19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (b. 1917 - d. 1984) INC (1st time) 24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (b. 1896 - d. 1995) JP 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 Choudhary Charan Singh (b. 1902 - d. 1987) JP-S 14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (f) (s.a.) INC-I (2nd time) 31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 Rajiv Gandhi (b. 1944 - d. 1991) INC-I 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 Vishwanath Pratap Singh (b. 1931 - d. 2008) JD 10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 Chandra Shekhar (b. 1927 - d. 2007) SJP-R 21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996 Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (b. 1921 - d. 2004) INC 16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1st time) (b. 1924) BJP 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda Deve (b. 1933) JD Gowda 21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 Inder Kumar Gujral (b. 1919 - d. 2012) JD 19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee (2nd time) (s.a.) BJP 22 May 2004 - 26 May 2014 Manmohan Singh (b. 1932) INC 26 May 2014 - Narendra Modi (b. 1950) BJP
British Residents to the Mughal Empire (in Delhi)
1803 - 25 Jun 1806 David Ochterlony (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1825)
25 Jun 1806 - 1811 Archibald Seton (b. 1758 - d. 1810)
1811 - 1818 Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(1st time)
1818 - 1821 Sir David Ochterlony (2nd time) (s.a.)
1821 - 1822 Henry Johnson Middleton (acting)
1822 - 1823 Alexander Ross (b. 1777 - d. 18..)
(agent to the governor-general)
1823 William Fraser (1st time)(acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
1823 Charles Elliot (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1875)
1823 - 31 Jul 1827 Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Jul 1827 - 1828 Sir James Edward Colebrooke (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
1828 - 1829 William Fraser (2nd time)(acting) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1829 - Nov 1830 Francis James Hawkins (b. 1806 - d. 1860)
25 Nov 1830 - 1832 William Byam Martin (b. 1781 - d. 1869)
British Agents
1832 - 22 Mar 1835 William Fraser (s.a.)
1835 - 3 Nov 1853 Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe (b. 1795 - d. 1853)
Dec 1853 - 11 May 1857 Simon Fraser (b. 1803 - d. 1857)
Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind)
![[Provisional Govt. of
Free India 1943-1945]](https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135626/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/in-lib.gif)
21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945
| Headquarters: Singapore Provisional Capital: Port Blair (from 29 Dec 1943) |
Hear
National Anthem "Jana-Gana-Mana" (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People) |
Population (Andaman
& Nicobar Islands): 33,768 (1941) |
| Indian National Army (1945):
40,000 est. |
Currency: Azad Hind Rupee (from 5 Apr 1944) |
National Holiday: 21 Mar
Azad Hind Day |
powers; in exile 21 Oct 1943 - 18 Aug 1945 [in Singapore
to Nov 1943, Nov 1944 - 10 Jan 1945; Nov 1943 - Nov 1944, Jan 1945 - 24 Apr 1945 in Rangoon, Burma; Apr - May 1945 in Bangkok, Thailand; Kuala Lumpur, Malaya May - 12 Aug 1945; then in Singapore]) ¹Full style of the ruler: (a) 28 Apr 1876 - 22 Jan 1901: "By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India"; (b) 4 Nov 1901 - 13 May 1927: "By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India";
(c) 13 May 1927 - 22 Jun 1948: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India"; (d) 22 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950: "By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith."
²the Provisional Government of Free India was recognized by the following nine Axis powers and client states: Japan (23 Oct 1943), Republic of Burma (24 Oct 1943), Germany (30 Oct 1943), Republic of The Philippines (José Laurel)(30 Oct 1943), Manchukuo (1 Nov 1943), National Government of China (Wang Jing Wei)(1 Nov 1943), Italian Social Republic (9 Nov 1943), Thailand (21 Nov 1943), and Croatia (27 Dec 1943). Territorial Disputes: Since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; Kashmir remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue in Feb 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and continue to have disputes over water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh's Sep 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over undemarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, which was implemented 31 Jul 2015; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea which was decided in favor of Bangladesh on 8 Jul 2014; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal.
Party abbreviations: BJP = Bharatiya
Janata Party (Indian People's Party, social
conservative, Hindu nationalist, split from Janata
Party, est.1980); INC = Indian
National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
social-democratic, est.1885); SJP-R
= Samajwadi Janata Party-Rashtriya (Socialist
People's Party-National, split from
JD, est.1990);
- Former parties: AIFB =
All India Forward Bloc (left-wing nationalist, Subhas
Chandra Bose founder, pro-independence,
split from INC, 1939-1945); INC-I
= Congress Party-Indira (INC Indira Ghandi faction,
populist, socialist, split from INC, 1977-1996);
JD = Janata Dal (People's Party,
social-democratic, 1988-2004, merged with SP as
JD-U); JP-S = Janata Party-Secular
(anti-INC-I, split from JP, est.1979)
British East India Company
Chairmen of the British East India Company (in
London)
Apr 1783 - Nov
1783 Sir Henry
Fletcher (1st time) (b.
1727 - d. 1807)
Nov 1783 - Apr
1785 Nathaniel
Smith (1st
time)
(b. 1730 - d. 1794)
Apr 1785 - Apr
1786 William
Devaynes (1st
time) (b. 1730
- d. 1809)
Apr 1786 - Apr
1787 John
Michie
(d. 1788)
Apr 1787 - Apr
1788 John
Motteux
Apr 1788 - Dec
1788 Nathaniel
Smith (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Dec 1788 - Apr
1790 William
Devaynes (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Apr 1790 - Apr
1791 Stephen
Lushington (1st time) (b. 1744 - d.
1804)
Apr 1791 - Apr
1792 Sir John
Smith Burgess
(b. c.1734 - d. 1803)
Apr 1792 - Apr
1793 Francis
Baring
(b. 1740 - d. 1810)
Apr 1793 - Apr
1795 William
Devaynes (3rd
time) (s.a.)
Apr 1795 - Apr
1796 Stephen
Lushington (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1796 - Apr
1797 David
Scott (1st
time)
(b. 1746 - d. 1805)
Apr 1797 - Apr
1798 Hugh
Inglis (1st
time)
(b. 1744 - d. 1822)
Apr 1798 - Apr
1799 Jacob
Bosanquet (1st
time)
(b. 1758 - d. 1828)
Apr 1799 - Apr
1800 Stephen
Lushington (3rd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1800 - Apr
1801 Hugh
Inglis (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1801 - Sep
1801 David
Scott (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Sep 1801 - Apr
1802 Charles
Mills
(b. 1755 - d. 1826)
Apr 1802 - Apr
1803 John
Roberts
(b. 1738 - d. 1810)
Apr 1803 - Apr
1804 William
Fullerton Elphinstone (b.
1740 - d. 1834)
(1st time)
Apr 1804 - Apr
1805 Charles
Grant (1st
time)
(b. 1778 - d. 1866)
Apr 1805 - Apr
1806 William
Fullerton Elphinstone
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1806 - Apr
1809 Edward
Parry
(b. c.1779 - d. 1813)
Apr 1809 - Apr
1810 Charles
Grant (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1810 - Apr
1811 William
Astell (1st
time)
(b. 1774 - d. 1847)
Apr 1811 - Apr
1812 Jacob
Bosanquet (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1812 - Apr
1813 Jacob
Inglis (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1813 - Apr
1814 Robert
Thornton
(b. 1759 - d. 1826)
Apr 1814 - Apr
1815 William
Fullerton Elphinstone
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Apr 1815 - Apr
1816 Charles
Grant (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1816 - Apr
1817 Thomas
Reid (1st time)
(b. 1762 - d. 1824)
Apr 1817 - Apr
1818 John Bebb
Apr 1818 - Apr
1819 James
Pattison (1st time)
(b. 1786 - d. 1849)
Apr 1819 - Apr
1820 Campbell
Majoribanks (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1840)
Apr 1820 - Apr
1821 George
Abercrombie
Robinson (b.
1758 - d. 1832)
(1st time)
Apr 1821 - Apr
1822 Thomas
Reid (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1822 - Apr
1823 James
Pattison (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1823 - Apr
1824 William
Wigram
(b. 1780 - d. 1858)
Apr 1824 - Apr
1825 William
Astell (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1825 - Apr
1826 Campbell
Majoribanks (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1826 - Apr
1827 George
Abercrombie
Robinson
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Apr 1827 - Apr
1828 Hugh
Lindsay
(b. 1765 - d. 1844)
Apr 1828 - Apr
1829 William
Astell (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
Apr 1829 - Apr
1830 John
Loch
(b. 1781 - d. 1868)
Apr 1830 - Apr
1831 William
Astell (4th
time)
(s.a.)
1831
Sir Robert
Campbell
(b. 1771 - d. 1858)
1832
John Goldsborough Ravenshaw
(b. 1777 - d. 1840)
1833
Campbell Marjoribanks
(b. 1765
- d. 1840)
1833
John
Loch
(b. 1781 - d.
1868)
1834
Henry St.George Tucker (1st
time) (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
1835
William Stanley Clarke
(b. 1768 - d.
1844)
1836 - 1838
James Rivett Carnac
(b. 1784
- d. 1846)
1838
James Law Lushington (1st
time) (b. 1779 - d. 1859)
1839
Richard Jenkins
(b. 1785 - d. 1853)
1840
William Butterworth
Bayley (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
1841
George Lyall
(b. 1779 - d. 1853)
1842
James Law Lushington
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1843
John Cotton
(b. 1783 - d. 1860)
1844
John Shepherd (1st time)
(b. 1792 - d.
1859)
1845
Henry
Willock
(b. 1790 - d. 1858)
1846
James Weir Hogg (1st
time) (b. 1790 - d. 1876)
1847
Henry St. George Tucker (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1848
John Law Lushington (3rd
time) (s.a.)
1849
Archibald Galloway
(b.
1779 - d. 1850)
1850 - 1852
John Shepherd (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1852
James Weir Hogg (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1853
Russell Ellice
(b. 1799 - d. 1873)
1854
James Oliphant
(b. 1796 - d. 1881)
1855
Elliot
Macnaghten
(b. 1807 - d. 1888)
1856
William Henry Sykes
(b. 1790
- d. 1872)
1857
Ross Donnelly Mangles
(b. 1801
- d. 1877)
Apr 1858 - 1858
Sir Frederick Currie
(b. 1799 - d. 1875)
Presidents of the Board of Control of the East
India Company (in London)
3 Sep 1784 - 12 Mar 1790 Thomas
Townshend, Baron Sydney (b. 1733
- d. 1800)
12 Mar 1790 - 28 Jun 1793 William Wyndham
Grenville,
(b. 1759 - d. 1834)
Baron Grenville of Wotton-
under-Bernewood
28 Jun 1793 - 19 May 1801 Henry
Dundas
(b. 1742 - d. 1811)
19 May 1801 - 12 Jul 1802 George Legge,
Earl of Dartmouth (b. 1755 - d. 1810)
12 Jul 1802 - 12 Feb 1806 Robert Stewart,
Viscount
(b. 1769 - d. 1822)
Castlereagh
12 Feb 1806 - 16 Jul 1806 Gilbert
Elliot
(b. 1751 - d. 1814)
16 Jul 1806 - 1 Oct 1806 Thomas
Grenville
(b. 1755 - d. 1846)
1 Oct 1806 - 6 Apr 1807 George
Tierney
(b. 1761 - d. 1830)
6 Apr 1807 - 17 Jul 1809 Robert
Saunders-Dundas (1st time) (b. 1771 - d.
1851)
17 Jul 1809 - 13 Nov 1809 Dudley Ryder,
Earl of Harrowby (b. 1762 - d.
1847)
13 Nov 1809 - 7 Apr 1812 Robert
Saunders-Dundas,
(s.a.)
Viscount Melville (2nd time)
7 Apr 1812 - 20 Jun 1816 Robert
Hobart, Earl of
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Buckinghamshire
20 Jun 1816 - 16 Jan 1821 George
Canning
(b. 1770 - d. 1827)
16 Jan 1821 - 8 Feb 1822 Charles
Bragge
Bathurst
(b. 1751 - d. 1831)
8 Feb 1822 - 31 Jul 1828 Charles
Watkin Williams Wynn
(b. 1775 - d. 1850)
31 Jul 1828 - 24 Sep 1828 Robert
Saunders-Dundas,
(s.a.)
Viscount Melville (3rd time)
24 Sep 1828 - 1 Dec 1830 Edward Law,
Lord Ellenborough (b. 1790
- d. 1871)
(1st time)
1 Dec 1830 - 18 Dec 1834 Charles
Grant
(b. 1778 - d. 1866)
18 Dec 1834 - 23 Apr 1835 Edward Law, Lord
Ellenborough (s.a.)
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1835 - 4 Sep 1841 Sir John Cam
Hobhouse (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1869)
4 Sep 1841 - 23 Oct 1841 Edward Law,
Lord Ellenborough (s.a.)
(3rd time)
23 Oct 1841 - 17 May 1843 William
Vesey-FitzGerald,
(b. 1783 - d. 1857)
Baron
FitzGerald, of Desmond and of
Clan Gibbon in the County of Cork
17 May 1843 - 8 Jul 1846 Frederick
John Robinson, Earl (b. 1782 -
d. 1859)
of Ripon
8 Jul 1846 - 5 Feb 1852 Sir
John Cam Hobhouse (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1852 - 28 Feb 1852 Fox
Maule-Ramsey, Baron Panmure (b. 1801 -
d. 1874)
28 Feb 1852 - 30 Dec 1852 John Charles
Herries
(b. 1778 - d. 1855)
30 Dec 1852 - 3 Mar 1855 Sir Charles
Wood
(b. 1800 - d. 1885)
3 Mar 1855 - 6 Mar 1858 Robert
Vernon Smith
(b. 1800 - d. 1873)
6 Mar 1858 - 5 Jun 1858 Edward
Law, Earl of Ellenborough (s.a.)
(4th time)
5 Jun 1858 - 2 Sep 1858 Edward
Henry Stanley, Lord Derby (b. 1826 - d.
1893)
Jammu and Kashmir
| Map of Jammu and Kashmir |
Capital: Srinagar
(summer), Jammu (winter) |
Currency: Indian
Rupee (INR) |
Population:
12,548,926 (2011) 4,021,600 (1941) |
....
Kingdom of Kashmir established in remote (legendary)
antiquity.
Early Middle
Ages
State of Jammu established.
28 Jul
1589
Kashmir incorporated into (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
May
1752
Kashmir conquered by the newly founded Afghan kingdom.
1816
Jammu annexed to Pañjab (Punjab).
5 Jul
1819
Kashmir annexed to Pañjab (Punjab).
17 Jun
1822
Independence of Jammu restored.
15 Mar
1846
U.K. government cedes Kashmir to the ruler of Jammu,
thus creating the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
16 Mar 1846 - 14 Aug 1947 Jammu and Kashmir
a British protectorate.
26 Oct
1947
The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir declares the accession of
the
state to India in the face of tribal invasion from
Pakistan
(State of Jammu
and Kashmir accedes to India on 27 Oct 1947; and
western
districts are established as Azad Kashmir by
Pakistan
on 4 Oct
1947).
Rajas
1686 -
1703
Gujai Dev (Gujja
Singh)
(d. 1703)
1703 -
1725
Dhruv
Dev
(d. 1725)
1725 - 4 Apr
1782
Ranjit
Dev
(d. 1782)
4 Apr 1782 -
1787
Brijraj Dev
(d. 1787)
1787 - Jun
1797
Sampuran
Singh
(b. 1786 - d. 1797)
1787 - Jun 1797
Mian Mota -Regent
Jun 1797 -
1816
Jit
Singh
1816 -
1820
annexed to Punjab
1820 - 4 May
1822
Kishore
Singh
(d. 1822)
4 May 1822 - 15 Mar 1846 Gulab
Singh
(b. 1792 - d. 1857)
Kashmir
Afghan Governors
1753 (5 months)
Ishak
Aqasi
1753
Abdullah Khan
Kabuli
1753 - 1762
Raja Sukh Jiwan Mal
1762 (3 months)
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (1st
time)
1762 - 1764
Buland Khan Bamzai
1764 - 1765
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (2nd time)
1765 - 1766
Jan Muhammad Khan
1766
Lal Khan Khatak
(1st time)
1766 - 1767
Khurram Khan
1767
Faqir
Ullah Kanth
1767 - 1770
Nur-ud-din Khan Bamzai (3rd time)
1770 - 1771
Lal Khan Khatak (2nd time)
1771 (6 months)
Khurram Khan
1771 - 1776
Amir Khan Jawansher
1778 - 1783
Haji Karimdad Khan
1783 - 1785
Azad Khan
(d. 1785)
1785 - 1786
Madad Khan
1786 - 1788
Mirdad Khan
1788
Mulla Ghafar
Khan
1788 - 1792
Juma Khan Alokzai
1792 - 1793
Mirza Khan
1793 - 1794
Mir Hazar Khan
1794
Rahmatullah
Khan
1794 - 1795
Kifayat Khan
1795
Muhammad Khan Jawansher
29 Sep 1795 - Dec 1795 Sher Muhammad
Khan
1795 - 1801
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (1st time)
1801
Vakil Khan
1801 - 1812
Abdullah Khan Alokzai (2nd time)
1812 (5 months)
Sher Muhammad Khan
1813 - 1819
Atta Muhammad Khan
Jammu and Kashmir
Raja
15 Mar 1846 - 9 Nov 1846 Gulab
Singh
(s.a.)
Maharajas
9 Nov 1846 - 20 Feb 1856 Gulab
Singh
(s.a.)
20 Feb 1856 - 12 Sep 1885 Ranbir
Singh
(b. 1830 - d. 1885)
(from 25 Jun 1861, Sir Ranbir Singh)
12 Sep 1885 - 17 Apr 1889 Pratap Singh (1st
time)
(b. 1848 - d. 1925)
17 Apr 1889 - 1898
Amar
Singh
(b. 1864 - d. 1909)
(chairman regency council)
1898 - 7 Sep
1925 Sir
Pratap Singh (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(chairman regency council to Oct 1905)
7 Sep 1925 - 17 Nov 1952 Sir Hari
Singh
(b. 1895 - d. 1961)
20 Jun 1949 - 17 Nov 1952 Karan Singh -Regent
(b. 1931)
Chief ministers (Dewan)
1823 - 1836
Amir Chand (in Jammu)
1836 - 1865
Jwala
Sahai
(d. 1865)
1865 - 1876
Kirpa Ram
(b. 1832 - d. 1876)
1876 - 6 Sep 1885
Wazir
Punnu
(d. 1885)
1885 - 1886
Anant Ram
(d. 1892)
Mar 1886 - Jan 1887
Gobind Sahai
1887 - 1889
Lachman Das
1889 - 1909
Raja Amar Singh
(s.a.)
1909 - 1917
Amar Nath
1917 - 1921
Raja Daljit
Singh
(b. 1882 - d. 1946)
Mar 1921 - Apr 1922 Bishandas
1922 - 1926
Raja Hari Singh
(s.a.)
1926 - 1927
Raja Jagat Dev Singh of Poonch
(b. 1903 - d. 1940)
1927
Padam Dev Singh
Jan 1927 - Mar 1929
Sir Albion Banerjee
(b. 1871 - d. 1950)
Mar 1929 - 25 Jul 1931 G.E.C. Wakefield
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
1931 - 1932
Sir Hari Kishan Kaul
(b. 1881 - d. 1949)
Prime ministers
Mar 1932 - 1936
Elliot James Dowell
Colvin (b.
1885 - d. 1950) Non-party
1936
Sir Barjor Jamshedji
Dalal (acting)(b. 1871 - d. 1936)
1936 - Apr
1943
Narasimha Gopalaswami Ayyangar (b.
1882 - d. 1953)
(from 1 Jan 1941, Sir Narasimha Gopalaswami
Ayyangar)
Apr 1943 - Jul 1943
Raja Maharaj
Singh
(b. 1878 - d. 1959)
Jul 1943 - Feb
1944 Kailas
Narain
Haksar
(b. 1878 - d. 1953) Non-party
Feb 1944 - 28 Jun 1945
Sir Benegal Narsing
Rau
(b. 1887 - d. 1953) Non-party
28 Jun 1945 - 11 Aug 1947 Ram Chandra
Kak
(b. 1893 - d. 1983) Non-party
11 Aug 1947 - 15 Oct 1947 Janak Singh
(acting)
(b. 1872 - d. 1972) Non-party
British Residents (in Hunza to 1885,
then in Srinagar)
15 Mar 1846 -
1877 None
1877 -
1880
John Biddulph (political agent) (b. 1840 -
d. 1922)
1880 -
1883
Vacant
1883 -
1886
Sir Oliver Beauchamp
Coventry (b. 1837 - d.
1891)
St. John
1886 - Jan
1889
Trevor John Chichele-Plowden
(b. 1846 - d. 1905)
1889 -
1892
Robert Parry
Nisbet
(b. 1839 - d. 1916)
1892 -
1894
David William Keith
Barr
(b. 1846 - d. 1916)
1894 -
1896
Hugh Shakespear
Barnes
(b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1896 -
1900
Sir Adelbert Cecil
Talbot
(b. 1845 - d. 1920)
1900 -
1901
Harold Arthur
Deane
(b. 1854 - d. 1908)
Nov 1901 -
1903
Louis William
Dane
(b. 1856 - d. 1946)
1903 -
1905
Elliot Graham
Colvin
(b. 1861 - d. 1940)
Feb 1906 -
1909
Sir Francis Edward
Younghusband (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
1910 -
1911
John
Ramsay
(b. 1862 - d. 1942)
1911 -
1914
Stuart Mitford
Fraser
(b. 1864 - d. 1963)
1914 -
1915
Henry Venn
Cobb
(b. 1864 - d. 1949)
1916 -
1917
John Manners
Smith
(b. 1864 - d. 1920)
1917 -
1921
Arthur D'Arcy Gordon Bannerman
(b. 1866 - d. 1955)
Feb 1921 -
1923
Charles Joseph
Windham
(b. 1867 - d. 1941)
5 Feb 1923 -
1927 Sir
John Barry
Wood
(b. 1870 - d. 1933)
31 Jan 1927 21 Apr 1927 James Leslie Rose
Weir (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
22 Apr 1927 12 Apr 1929 Evelyn Berkeley
Howell
(b. 1877 - d. 1971)
12 Apr 1929 8 Sep 1931 George
Drummond
Ogilvie
(b. 1882 - d. 1966)
9 Sep 1931 31 Jul 1932 Courtenay
Latimer
(b. 1880 - d. 1944)
1 Aug 1932 22 Nov 1933 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
23 Nov 1933 - 1937
Lionel Edward
Lang
(b. 1885 - d. 1956)
Oct 1937 - 1938
John William Thomson
Glover (b.
1887 - d. 1943)
5 Oct 1938 -
1941
Denholm
Fraser
(b. 1889 - d. 1956)
7 Nov 1941 - 1943
Leslie Eric
Barton
(b. 1889 - d. 1952)
1943 -
1945
James Glasgow
Acheson
(b. 1889 - d. 1973)
1945 -
1947
Wilfred Francis
Webb
(b. 1897 - d. 1973)
Party abbreviations: INC = Indian
National Congress ("Congress Party", populist,
democratic-socialist, est.1885); JKNC =
All Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (Kashmir
unity, pro-autonomy, pro-India, part of INC 6 Jun
1965-24 Feb 1975, named Oct 1932-11 Jun 1939 All Jammu
and Kashmir Muslim Conference, est.11
Jun 1939)
Ladakh
| Capital: Leh | Population: 270,126 (2001) |
c.900
Mnga'-ris-skor-gsum (Ladakh) established by a
West-Tibetan branch of the Yar-lung dynasty.
1200's -
1300's
Under Mongol suzerainty.
c.1594 - 1841
Tributary to Baltistan.
1644 -
1685
Tributary of the (Mughal) Empire of Hind.
1690's -
1700's
Vassal state of Kashmir.
1783 - 17 Sep
1842
Tributary of Tibet (which itself is under suzerainty of
China).
17 Sep
1842
Ladakh incorporated into the Jammu state, succeeded
by Jammu and Kashmir (with some
nominal autonomy).
21 Nov
1962
China occupies the Aksai Chin region.
Kings (title Chos-rgyal-chen-po)¹
1694 -
1729
Nyi-ma rNam-rgyal
1729 - 20 Mar
1739
bDe-skyong rNam-rgyal
1739 -
1753
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
1753 -
1782
Tshe-dbang rNam-rgyal II
1782 -
1802
Mi-jigs-tshe-brtan rNam-rgyal
1802 -
1837
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(d. 1840)
rNam-rgyal (1st time)
1837 -
1839
dNgos-grub-bstan-'dzin -Regent
(styled rGyal-tsab or sRid-skyong)
1839 -
1840
Tshe-dpal-mi-'gyur-don-grub
(s.a.)
rNam-rgyal (2nd time)
Jun 1840 - Jul
1840 'Jigs-med
rNam-rgyal (1st time) (b. 1833 - d.
c.1873)
1840 -
1842
Kun-dga' rNam-rgyal II
(b. c.1832 - d. ....)
1842 - 17 Sep
1842
'Jigs-med rNam-rgyal (2nd time) (s.a.)
¹From 1683 every ruler also used the name Aqibat Mahmud Khan.
Danish India
19 Nov 1620 - 7 Nov 1845
19 Nov
1620
Taramgambadi ceded to Danish East India Company (Østindisk
Kompagni)
by ruler of Tanjore and named Tranquebar (Trankebar),
Fort
Dansborg is erected.
1620 -
1729
Under Danish East India
Company rule (dissolved 1650-1670).
1636 -
1643
Balasore a Danish trading post.
1696 - 1722
Oddeway
Torre (Edava)(on Malabar coast) a Danish
trading post.
1698 - Sep 1718
Dannemarksnagore (Gondalpara),
southeast of Chandernagore,
a Danish possession (abandoned Dec 1714 - 1718).
1729 - 1732
Danish crown colony.
1732 -
1777
Under Danish Asiatic Company (Asiatisk Kompagni)
rule.
1752 -
1791
Calicut (Kozhikode)(on Malabar coast) a
Danish trading post.
1755 -
1824
Colachel (Kolachal)(on Malabar coast) a Danish
trading post.
1 Jan 1756 - 10 Jun 1848 Frederiksøerne
(Frederik Islands [see Nicobar Islands])
a Danish
possession (subordinated to Tranquebar).
8 Oct 1755 - 10 Oct 1845 Frederiksnagore (Serampore)
a Danish possession.
1763 - 1828
Balasore a Danish trading post.
1773 - 1828
Patna (on central Ganges River) a Danish trading post.
1777
Danish crown colony.
12 May 1801 - 17 Aug 1802 British occupy Trankebar
(Danish rule continues).
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British occupy Trankebar.
20 Sep
1815
Restored to Denmark.
11 Oct
1845
Frederiksnagore sold to U.K.
7 Nov
1845
Trankebar and remaining
Danish India assets sold to
sold to U.K., part of British India.
Commandants over Danish Possessions in the East
Indies (in Trankebar)
(Kommadanter over de danske
Besiddelser i Ostindien)
25 Aug 1620 - 31 May 1621 Ove
Gedde
(b. 1594 - d. 1660)
1 Jun 1621 - 9 Nov 1636
Roland (Roelant) Crappé
(d. 1644)
9 Nov 1636 - 5 Sep 1643 Bernt
Pessart
5 Sep 1643 -
1648
Willem
Leyel
(b. c.1593 - d. 1654)
1648 - 7 Sep
1655
Poul Hansen Korsør
(d. 1655)
7 Sep 1655 -
1669
Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke
(b. 1615 - d. 1674)
1669 -
1673
Henrik Eggers
1673 - Oct
1682
Sivart Adeler
(b. 1647 - d. 1683)
Oct 1682 - 9 Jul
1686 Axel
Juel
(b. 1655 - d. 1720)
9 Jul 1686 - Oct
1687 Wolf Henrik von Kalnein
(Calneyn) (d. 1690)
Oct 1687 -
1689
Christian Porck (1st time)
1689 -
1690
Moritz
Hartmann
(b. 1656 - d. 1695)
1690 -
1694
Christian Porck (2nd time)
1694 - 19 May
1701
Claus Vogdt (Voigt)
19 May 1701 -
1701
Andreas Andreae
(d. 1701)
1701 - Jul
1702
Mikkel Knudsen
Crone
(d. 1716)
Jul 1702 - Jun
1704 Jørgen
Hermansen
Bjørn
(b. 1652 - d. 1704)
1 Jul 1704 - 20 Oct 1716 Johan
Sigismund
Hassius
(b. 1664 - d. 1729)
20 Oct 1716 - 21 Jan 1720 Christen
Brun-Lundegaard
(d. 1724)
23 Jan 1720 - 12 Oct 1726 Christian Ulrich
von Nissen (b.
1691 - d. 1756)
12 Oct 1726 - 8 Aug 1730 Rasmus
Hansen
Attrup
(d. 1745)
8 Aug 1730 - 1 Aug 1733
Diderich
Mühlenport
(d. 1746)
1 Aug 1733 - 13 Jul 1741 Poul Krisk
Panck
(b. 1690 - d. 1747)
13 Jul 1741 - 17 Sep 1744 Ivar
Bonsack
(d. 1748)
17 Sep 1744 - 5 Sep 1754 Hans Ernst
Bonsack
5 Sep 1754 - 10 Aug 1759 Hans Georg
Krog
(b. 1720 - d. 1796)
1759
Peter Henrich Meyer
Governors over Danish Possessions in the
East Indies (in Trankebar)
(Guvernører over de
danske Besiddelser i Ostindien)
9 May 1759 - 4 Jul 1760 Christian
Frederik
Høyer
(d. 1763)
4 Jul 1760 - 27 Apr 1761 Hermann
Jacob
Forck
(d. 1761)
29 Apr 1761 - 14 Feb 1775 Peter Hermann
Abbestee (1st time) (b. 1728 - d. 1794)
14 Feb 1775 - 17 Jan 1779 David
Brown
(b. 1734 - d. 1804)
17 Jan 1779 - 17 May 1788 Peter Hermann
Abbestee (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 May 1788 - 7 Feb 1806 Peter
Anker
(b. 1744 - d. 1832)
7 Feb 1806 - 13 Feb 1808 Johan Peter
Hermanson (1st time) (d. 1822)
13 Feb 1808 - 20 Sep 1815 British
occupation
20 Sep 1815 - 19 Nov 1816 Gerhard Sievers
Bille
(b. 1765 - d. 1816)
19 Nov 1816 - 15 Feb 1822 Johan Peter
Hermanson (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 1822 - 7 May 1823 Jens
Kofoed
(b. 1775 - d. 1833)
7 May 1823 - 7 Mar 1825 Ulrich
Anton
Schönheyder
(b. 1775 - d. 1858)
7 Mar 1825 - 26 Mar 1829 Hans
Diderich Brinck-Seidelin
(b. 1779 - d. 1859)
26 Mar 1829 - 14 May 1832 Lauritz
Christensen
(b. 1793 - d. 1832)
17 May 1832 - 1 May 1838 Konrad Emil
Mourier
(b. 1795 - d. 1865)
1 May 1838 - 18 Jun 1841 Johannes von
Rehling
(b. 1775 - d.
1841)
18 Jun 1841 - 15 Sep 1841 Christian
Tiemroth
(b. 1799 - d. 1888)
16 Oct 1841 - 7 Nov 1845 Peter
Hansen
(b. 1798 - d. 1880)
8 Oct 1755
Frederiksnagore (Serampore),
in Bengal, a Danish possession.
May 1801 - Jul 1802
British occupy
Frederiksnagore (Danish rule continues).
Jan 1808 - 1815
British occupy
Frederiksnagore.
11 Oct
1845
Frederiksnagore sold to U.K.
Directors (Opperhoveder,
chefer og direktører i Frederiksnagor)
8 Oct 1755 - 10 Jan 1758 Jacob
Christopher
Soetmann
(d. 1795)
10 Jan 1758 - 2 Oct 1760
Bartholomaeus Lebrecht Ziegenbalg (b.
1682 - d. 1719)
2 Oct 1760 - 14 Aug
1762 Terkel Windekilde
14 Aug 1762 - 3 Oct
1765 Demarchis
3 Oct 1765 - 20 Jan 1767 Mogens Ulrik
Tyrnholm
22 Jan 1767 - 1 Feb 1768 Michael
Frederik Thede
1 Feb 1768 - 11 Feb 1770 Charles Cazenove
13 Feb 1770 - 29 Aug 1770 James
Brown
29 Aug 1770 - 11 Sep 1770 Herman Frederik
Hinckel
14 Sep 1770 - 4 Sep 1772 Johan
Leonhard Fix (1st time)
(b. 1736 - d. 1807)
4 Sep 1772 - 28 Sep 1772 Ole
Bie (1st time)
(b. 1733 - d. 1805)
28 Dec 1772 - 27 Aug 1773 Johan Leonhard
Fix (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Aug 1773 - 26 Sep 1776 Andreas Hiernøe
26 Sep 1776 - 30 Jan 1785 Ole Bie (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
30 Jan 1785 - 28 Jul 1788 Friderich
Ludvig le Febvre
28 Jul 1788 - 7 Apr 1797 Ole Bie (3rd
time)
(s.a.)
7 Apr 1797 - 18 Jan 1799 Peter
Hermansen
18 Jan 1799 - 1 Jun 1799 Jacob
Kraefting (1st time)
1 Jun 1799 - 18 May 1805 Ole Bie (4th
time)
(s.a.)
18 May 1805 - 7 Oct
1828 Jacob Kraefting (2nd time)
7 Oct 1828 - 11 May 1833 Johannes
Søbøtker Hohlenberg
(b. 1795 - d. 1833)
12 May 1833 - 1 Nov 1835 Johan
Christian Beck
1 Nov 1835 - 1 May 1838
Johannes von
Rehling
(b. 1775 - d. 1841)
1 May 1838 - 10 Oct 1845 Peter
Hansen
(b. 1798 - d. 1880)
1698
Dannemarksnagore established in
Bengal on the
River Hooghly as a Danish
factory.
Dec 1714
Surrendered.
1718 - Sep 1718
Briefly
re-occupied.
Chief Heads (Opperhoveder)
1698 - 1699
Andreas Andrae
(d. 1701)
1699 - 1702
Thomas Schmertz
1702 - 1706
Johan Joachim Michelsen
1706 -
1709
Jacob Panck
1709 - 1711
Wolff Ravn
1711 -
1714
Rasmus Hansen
Attrup
(d. 1745)
1714 -
1718
occupied
1718 - Sep 1718
Gallus Bøgvad
Dutch India
![[National flag of the
Netherlands]](https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135626/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/nl.gif)
1608 - 1 Mar 1825
1605 - 1756
Masulipatnam a Dutch trading post.
1606 -
1668
Petapoeli (Nizampatnam) a Dutch factory.
1610 - 1825
Paliacatta (Pulicat) a Dutch
trading post (occupied by British
2 Jul
1781 - 1785, 1795-1818).
1613 -
1825
Palikol (now Pallakollu) a Dutch trading
post (occupied by
British 14 Jun 1781 - 1785, 1795-1818).
1634 - 1733
Golconda (Hyderabad) a Dutch trading post.
1654 -
1825
Sadras a Dutch possession (occupied by French 1757-58,
by
British
29 Jun 1781-1785, 1795-31 Mar 1818).
1658 - 1825
Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) a Dutch
trading post (occupied by
British
30 Oct 1795-1818)(subordinated to Ceylon to 1795).
23 Jul 1658 - 12 Nov 1781 Negapatnam
(Nagapatnam) a Dutch trading post.
1669 - 1687
Nagelwanze (Nagulavancha)
a Dutch factory.
1680 -
1825
Porto Novo a Dutch trading post (abandoned 1678-1680).
8 Sep 1693 - 17 Sep 1699 Dutch occupy
Pondichéry.
1734 - 1795
Jaggernaikpam (Kakinada) a Dutch trading post (occupied
by
British 11 Jul 1781 - 1785).
1758 -
1825
Bilimipatnam a Dutch fort (occupied by British
1781-1785,
1795-1818).
1780 - 20 May
1784
Coromandel Coast posts occupied by Britain.
12 Nov
1781
Negapatnam seized by British.
20 Oct 1795 - 31 Mar 1818 British occupation of
Dutch India settlements.
13 Aug 1814
By U.K.-Dutch convention Dutch
colonial holdings as of 1 Jan 1803
to be restored (except the Cape, Guyana, and Malabar
Coast).
20 Sep
1817
Coromandel settlements restored to Netherlands,
Malabar annexed to British India (effected 1818).
1 Jun
1825
Dutch Coromandel (Sadras, Paliacatta, Palicole,
Jaggernaikpooram,
Bimlipatam, Porto Novo, Keelkarray, Tuticorin, Cape
Comorin)
ceded to Britain, part of British India.
Governors (title was governor, but also
director, commissioner, chairman,
gezaghebber and Opperhoofd ter Kuste
Cormandel en Madura)
1608 -
1610
Pieter Issaksz. Eyloff
1610 -
1612
Johan van Wesicke
1612 -
1615
Wemmer van Berchem
(d. 1653)
1616
Hans de Haze (1st time)
1616 -
1617
Samuel Kindt
1617 -
1619
Adolf Thomassen
1619 -
1620
Hans de Haze (2nd time)
1620 -
1622
Andries Soury (1st time)
(b. 1585 - d. 1664)
1622 -
1624
Abraham van Uffelen
1624 -
1626
Andries Soury (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1626 -
1632
Maerten IJbrantszoon (1st time)
1632
Arent Gardenijs (1st time)
(b. 1605 - d. 1643)
1632 -
1633
David Pieterszoon de Vries
(b. 1593 - d. 1655)
1633 -
1636
Maerten IJbrantszoon (2nd time)
1636 -
1638
Carel
Reyniersz
(b. c.1604 - d. 1653)
1638 -
1643
Arent Gardenijs (2nd time)
(s.a.)
1643 -
1650
Arnold Heussen
(b. c.1605 - d. 1660)
1650 -
1651
Laurens Pit de oude (1st time) (b.
1610 - d. 1684)
1651
Jacob Fransz. de
With
(b. 1603 - d. 1653)
1652 -
1663
Laurens Pit de oude (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jun 1663 -
1665
Cornelis Speelman
(b. 1628 - d. 1684)
1665 -
1676
Anthony Paviljoen (Pavilion)
1676 -
1679
Jacques Caulier
(b. 1620 - d. 1679)
1679 -
1681
Willem Carel Hartsinck
(b. 1638 - d. 1689)
1681 -
1686
Jacob Joriszoon Pits
1686 -
1698
Laurens Pits de
jonge
1698 -
1705
Dirk Coomans
(b. 1648 - d. 1708)
1705 -
1710
Johannes van Steelandt
1710 -
1716
Daniel Bernard Guilliams
(b. 1676 - d. 1761)
1716 -
1719
Adriaan de Visscher
1719 -
1723
Gerrit van Westrenen
(b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1723 - 1729
Dirck van
Cloon
(b. 1688 - d. 1735)
1729 -
1733
Adriaan van Pla
(d. 1737)
1733 -
1737
Elias Guillot
(d. 1743)
1738 -
1743
Jacob
Mossel
(b. 1704 - d. 1761)
1743 -
1747
Galenus Mersen
1747 -
1753
Librecht Hooreman
(b. 1708 - d. 1774)
1753 -
1758
Steven Vermont
1758 -
1761
Lubbert Jan, baron van Eck
(b. 1719 - d. 1765)
1761 -
1765
Christiaan van Teylingen
(b. 1731 - d. 1780)
1765 -
1773
Pieter Haksteen
1773 -
1780
Reynier van Vlissingen
1780 -
1784
British occupation
1784 -
1789
Willem Blauwkamer
1790 - 20 Oct
1795
Jacob Eilbracht
(b. 1738 - d. 1804)
1795 - 31 Mar
1818 British
occupation
31 Mar 1818 - 19 May 1818 Jacob Andries
van Braam
(b. 1771 -
d. 1820)
(commissioner)
19 May 1818 - 27 Nov 1823 Frans Caspar
Regel
(b. 1776 - d. 1823)
27 Nov 1823 - 24 Jan 1824 M.P.R. Raket
(acting)
(president of Directing Council)
24 Jan 1824 - 1 Jun 1825 H.R. von Söhsten
(b. 1792 - d. 1844)
Malabar Coast
1637 -
1693
Wingurla (Vengurla) a Dutch trading post (under Suratte
1673-76).
1647 -
1758
Tegenapatnam (Tengapatnam) a Dutch trading post (under
Ceylon).
24 Dec
1661
Quilon (Kollam) a Dutch possession (occupied
by Dutch 29 Dec
1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
15 Jan 1662 - 1770
Cranganore
(Kodungallur) a Dutch possession.
7 Jan
1663
Cochin (Kochi) a Dutch possession.
15 Feb 1663 - 1790
Cannanore
(Kannanur) a Dutch possession.
1667 - c.1682
Barselor (Kundapura) a Dutch trading post.
20 Oct 1795 - 1814
British
occupation.
13 Aug 1814
Annexed to British India.
Commanders of Malabar
Apr 1663 - Nov 1663
Pieter de Bitter
+ Cornelis Valkenburg
Nov 1663 - Apr 1666
Ludolph van Coulster
Apr 1666 - Dec
1667 Ijsbrand
Godske
(b.
c.1626 - d. 1689)
Jan 1668 - Dec
1669 Lucas van
der Dussen
(b. 1620 - d. 1673)
Jan 1670 - Mar 1677
Hendrik Adriaan van
Reede (b. 1636 - d.
1691)
tot Drakestein
Mar 1677 - Nov
1678 Jacob
Lobs
Nov 1678 - Apr 1684
Marten Huysman
Apr 1684 - Jul
1687 Gelmer
Vosburgh
(d. 1697)
1688 - Dec
1693
Issack van Dielen
(b. 1652? - d. 1693)
Feb 1691 - Nov
1691 Hendrik
Adriaan van Reede
(commissioner)
Dec 1693 - Nov 1694 Alexander
Wigman (acting)
Nov 1694 - Nov 1696
Adriaan van Ommen
Mar 1695 - Apr 1695
Paulus de Roo (commissioner)
Nov 1696 - Feb
1698 Pieter
Coesaart (acting)
Mar 1697 - Apr 1698 Hendrik
Zwaardencroon (commissioner)
Feb 1698 - Jan
1701 Magnus
Wichelman
(d. 1705)
1701 -
1704
Abraham Vink
Jul 1704 - 10 Aug 1708 Willem
Moerman
(b. 165. - d. 1721)
1708 -
1709
Adam van der Duyn
1709 -
1716
Barend Ketel
(b. c.1670 - d. 1719)
1716 -
1723
Johannes
Hertenberg
(b. 1668 - d. 1725)
1723 -
1731
Jacob de Jong
1731
Wouter Hendriks
1731 -
1734
Adriaan Maten
1734 -
1742
Julius Valentyn Stein van
(b. 1691 - d. 1755)
Gollonesse
1742 -
1747
Reinerus Siersma
1747 -
1751
Corijn Stevens
1751
Abraham Cornelis de la Haye
1751 -
1756
Frederik Cunes
1756 -
1761
Casparus de Jong
1761 -
1765
Godefried Weyerman
1765 -
1768
Cornelis Breekpot
(b. 1710 - d. 1770)
1768 -
1770
Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
1770 -
1781
Adriaan Moens
(b. 1728 - d. 1792)
1781 -
1793
Johan Gerard van Angelbeek
(b. 1727 - d. 1802)
1793 - 20 Oct
1795 Jan
Lambertus van Spall
(b. 1748 - d. 1816)
Dutch Bengal
1635
Hougli (Hooghly) a Dutch factory (abandoned
1636-c.1645).
1636
Pipley (Pipli) a
Dutch factory.
1635 -
1655
Administered by Dutch Coromandel.
1676
Dutch factories at Patna and Bellasoor (Baleshwar).
1676 -
1687
Malda a Dutch factory.
1710 -
1759
Murshidabad a Dutch trading post.
1781 - 20 May
1784
British occupation.
1795 - 15 Sep 1817
British occupation.
17 May 1825
Annexed to British India (Balasore 4 Jun
1825, and Dacca
on 14
Jun 1825).
Directors of Bengal (Directeurs
van Bengalen)
1655 -
1658
Pieter Sterthemius
(b. 1618? - d. 1676)
1658 -
1663
Mattheus van den Broucke
(b. 1620 - d. 1685)
1663 -
1665
Rogier van
Heyningen
(d. 1665)
1665 -
1669
Vacant
1669 -
1673
Constantin Ranst de
jonge
(b. 1635 - d. 1714)
1673 -
1676
François de Haze
(d. 1676)
1677 -
1678
Willem Volger
(b. 1602 - d. 1679)
1678 -
1680
Jacob Verburgh
1681 -
1683
Nicolaas Baukes
1683 -
1685
Marten Huysman
1685 -
1688
Nicolaas
Schaghen
(d. 1696)
1688
Pieter Willeboorts
1688 -
1696
Arnoldus Muykens
1696 -
1701
Pieter van Dishoeck
1701 -
1705
Jacob Pelgrom
1705 -
1710
Willem de Roo
1710 -
1716
Anthony Huysman
1717 -
1722
Ewout van Dishoeck
1722 -
1724
Petrus
Vuyst
(b. 1691 - d. 1732)
1724 -
1727
Abraham Patras
(b. 1671 - d. 1737)
1727 -
1731
Jacob Sadelijn
(b. 1673 - d. 1732)
1731 -
1733
Rogier Beernards
1734 -
1744
Jan Albert
Sichterman
(b. 1692 - d. 1764)
1744 -
1750
Jan Huyghens
1750 -
1755
Jan Karsseboom
1755
Louis Taillefert (1st
time) (d.
1766)
1755 -
1760
Adriaan Bisdom
1760 -
1763
Louis Taillefert (2nd
time) (s.a.)
1763 -
1769
George Lodewijk Vernet
(b. 1711 - d. 1775)
1769 - 6 May
1770
Boudewijn Versewel Faure
(b. 1734 - d. 1770)
1771 -
1776
Johannes Bacheracht
1776 -
1781
Johannes Mattheus Ross
1781 -
1784
British occupation
1784 -
1785
Gregorius Herklots (acting)
(b. 1739 - d. 1789)
1785 -
1792
Isaac Titsingh
(b. 1745 - d. 1812)
1792 -
1795
Cornelis van Citters Aarnoutszoon (b. 1747 - d.
1807)
1795
Johan Willem Salomon von Haugwitz (b. 1744 - d.
1796)
(acting)
1795 - 15 Sep 1817
British
occupation
Resident
15 Sep 1817 -
1825
Daniel Antonie Overbeek
Dutch Suratte (Soerate)
1616
Suratte (Soerate [Surat]) a Dutch
trading post.
1617 - 1744
Ahmadabad a Dutch trading post (under Suratte).
1621 -
1720
Agra a Dutch trading post (under Suratte).
1781 - 1784
British occupation.
1795 - 8 Apr 1818
British occupation.
21 Dec 1825
Annexed to British India.
Directors of Suratte
1620 -
1628
Pieter van den Broecke
(b. 1585 - d. 1640)
1628 -
1633
Johan van Hasel (Hasselt)
1633 -
1634
Jacob van der Graeff
1634 -
1640
Barend Pietersz.
1640 - 1644
Paulus Croocq (commander to
1643)
1644
Cornelis Weylant
1644 - 1648
Arent Barents Muykens
1648 -
1651
Johan van Teylingen
1651 -
1654
Gerard Pelgrim
1654 -
1657
Hendrik van Gent
1657 -
1658
Isaac Coedijck
1658 -
1661
Leonard
Winnincx
(b. 1616? - d. 1691)
1661 - 1665
Dirk van Adrichem
1666 - 1667
Huybert de Lairesse
(d. 1667)
1667 -
1673
Andries Boogaert
1673 -
1676
Willem
Volger
(b. 1602 - d. 1679)
1676 - 1678
Sybrand Abbema
1678 - 6 Nov
1679
Daniël Parvé
(d. 1679)
1680 -
1685
Jacques de Bucquoy
1685 - 1691
Gelmer
Vosburgh
(d. 1697)
1692 - 1694
Louis de Keiser
1694 - 10 Jun 1695
Paulus de Roo (commissioner)
(d. 1695)
Apr 1696 - Dec 1699
Pieter Ketting
(commissioner)
1699 -
1701
Hendrik Zwaardecroon
(b. 1667 - d. 1728)
1701 - 1705
Pieter de Vos
1705
Willem
Six (Sicx)
(b. 1670 - d. 1718)
1707 -
1708
Johan Grotenhuys
1708 - 18 Oct
1710
Cornelis Besuijen
(d. 1710)
1711 -
1715
Johan Josua Ketelaar
(b. 1659 - d. 1718)
1715 - 1719
Daniel Hurgronje
1719 -
1722
Philip Zaal
1722 -
1726
Abraham Weyns
1726 -
1728
Herman Bruyning
(d. 1728)
1729 -
1740
Pieter Lourens Phoonsen
1740 - 1749
Jan
Schreuder
(b. 1704 - d. 1764)
1749 -
1753
Johannes Pecock
1753 -
1755
Johan de Roth
1755 -
1759
Louis Taillefert
(d. 1766)
1759 - 1763
Jan Drabbe
1763 - 1768
Christiaan Lodewijk Senff
1768 - 1776
Martinus Joan Boschman
1776 -
1781
Willem Jacob van de Graaff
(b. 1737 - d.
1804
1781 - 1784
British occupation
1784 -
1792
Abraham Josias
Sluysken
(b. 1736 - d. 1799)
1792 -
1795
Peter Sluysken
1795 -
1818
British occupation
8 Apr 1818 - 1824
B.C. Verploegh
1821 - 21 Dec
1825
C.J.G. baron Albedyll
French India
26 Sep 1816 - 1
Nov 1954
| Map of French India |
Capital: Pondichéry (Pondicherry) |
Currency: 1736-1954 French India Roupie (INFR) |
Population: 332,045 (1948) |
| GDP: $N/A |
Exports: 118 million (FRF) (1938) Imports: 79 million (FRF) (1938) |
Ethnic groups: French, Indian | |
| Total Armed Forces: N/A | Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim |
1669 - 1674
Masulipatam a French factory.
1688 -
1720
Suratte
(Surat) a French factory.
4 Feb
1673
Chandernagore (Chandernagor) a French
possession.
14 Jan
1674
Pondichéry (Pondicherry) a French
possession.
8 Sep 1693 - 17 Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation of Pondichéry (see Dutch Coromandel).
2 Apr 1721 - Feb
1725 Mahé (Mahe)
a French possession.
1731
Yanaon (Yanam) a French possession
(confirmed 1750).
Dec
1725
Mahe restored to French.
14 Feb
1739
Karikal (Karaikal) a French
possession.
10 Sep 1746 - Aug 1749
French occupy Madras.
1750 - 22 Jan
1760
Masulipatam a French possession.
16 Jan 1761 - 11 Apr 1765 British
occupation of Pondichéry
(Changernagore from 23 Mar 1757);
Pondichéry
is leveled, Mahé is given to the ruler
of Cannanore.
11 Apr
1765
Pondichéry restored to France (Karikal
restored on 18
Feb 1765,
Mahé
on
30 May 1765, and Chandernagore
on 25 Jun 1765).
17 Oct 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 British occupation of Pondichéry
(Changernagore from 10 Jul 1778,
Karikal from 11 Aug 1778, and Mahe from 11 Mar 1779).
1 Feb
1785 Pondichéry
restored to France
(Karikal restored 26 Feb
1785,
Yanaon
on 7 Mar 1785, and Mahé
15 Aug 1785).
23 Aug 1793 - 11 Jul 1803
British occupation of Pondichéry
(Changernagore, Karikal
and
Yanaon from Jun 1793,
and Mahé from 16 Jul
1793).
25 Oct 1797 - 19 Apr 1801 French India
nominally organized as Indes-Orientales département
of France (not effected because of British occupation).
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803
Brief restoration of French rule according to
Treaty of Amiens.
1 Oct 1803 - 4 Dec 1816
British occupation restored.
4 Dec
1816
Pondichéry and Chandernagore
restored to France (Établissements
Français dans l'Inde)(Karikal
restored 14 Jan 1817, Mahé
on
22 Feb 1817, and Yanaon on 12 Apr 1817).
16 Jun 1940 - 9 Sep 1940
Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 9 Sep 1940,
under
Free French; Chandernagore separately
from 20 Jun 1940).
2 May
1950
Chandernagore transferred to India (ratified 9 Jun 1952)
(see under Indian
states).
13 Jun
1954
Yanaon taken by Indian military police.
15 Jul
1954
Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
1 Nov
1954
Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal)
transferred
to India de facto (see under Indian states).
28 May
1956
Treaty of cession signed.
16 Aug
1962
De jure transfer of French India to India (ratification
of
cession
treaty).
Directors general
1668 - 1673
François Caron
(b. 1600 - d. 1673)
4 Feb 1673 - 14 Jan 1674 Louis
Auguste Bellanger de
l'Espinay (commander)
14 Jan 1674 - 22 Feb 1675 François
Martin (1st time)
(b. 1634 - d. 1706)
(merchant)
22 Feb 1675 - 5 May 1675
François
Baron
(b. 1620 - d. 1683)
5 May 1675 - 26 May 1681
François Martin (2nd time)
(s.a.)
26 Mar 1681 - 20 May 1686 Pierre Deltor
(chief)
20 May 1686 - 6 Sep 1693 François Martin
(3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1693 - 17 Sep 1699 Dutch
occupation
Governors
17 Sep 1699 - 30 Dec 1706 François Martin
(governor-general) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1707 - 2 Jul 1708 Pierre
Dulivier (1st time)
(acting for Martin from 15 Jun 1705)
2 Jul 1708 - Sep 1713 Guillaume
André d'Hébert (b.
1653 - d. 1725)
(1st time)
24 Sep 1713 - 18 Jul 1715 Pierre Dulivier
(2nd time)
Aug 1715 - Aug
1718 Guillaume
André
d'Hébert
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1718
Louis-Claude Boivin
d'Hardancourt (b. 16.. - d. 1718)
(did not take office)
19 Aug 1718 - 11 Oct 1721 Pierre André Prévost de
La
(d. 1721)
Prévostière
11 Oct 1721 - Oct 1723
Pierre Christophe Le Boir
(b. 1683 - d. 1743)
(1st time)(acting)
6 Oct 1723 -
1726
Joseph Beauvollier de Courchant
4 Sep 1726 - 1735
Pierre
Christophe Le Noir
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1735 - 1741
Pierre Benoît
Dumas
(b. 1668 - d. 1745)
14 Jan 1742 - 1754
Joseph François
Dupleix
(b. 1697 - d. 1763)
2 Aug 1754 - 16 Feb 1755 Charles
Robert Godeheu de Zaimont
(acting)
16 Feb 1755 - 8 Apr 1755 Secret
Committee (interim)
- Barthélemy
- Boileau
-
Guillard
8 Apr 1755 -
1758
Georges Duval de
Leyrit
(b. 1717 - d. 1764)
28 Apr 1758 - 16 Jan 1761 Thomas Arthur,
comte de
(b. 1702 - d. 1766)
Lally-Tollendal
17 Jan 1761 - 11 Apr 1765 British
occupation
26 Jan 1765 - May 1765 Jean Law
de Lauriston, comte de (b.
1719 - d. 1797)
Tancarville (governor-general)
(1st
time)
May 1765 - 1766
François Nicolas (acting)
1 Apr 1766 - 10 Feb 1767 André
Boyelleau
(acting)
(b. 1712 - d. 1788)
10 Feb 1767 - 8 Jan 1777 Jean Law de
Lauriston, comte de (s.a.)
Tancarville (governor-general)
(2nd
time)
8 Jan 1777 - 1778
Guillaume
Léonard de Bellecombe, (b. 1728 - d. 1792)
seigneur de Teirac (1st time)
28 Jan 1778 - 1778
Louis Alexandre d'Albignac,
(b. 1739 - d. 1825)
baron
d'Albignac d'Arre (acting)
Jul 1778 - 18 Sep 1778 Guillaume
Léonard de Bellecombe, (s.a.)
seigneur de Teirac (2nd time)
18 Sep 1778 - 10 Mar 1783 British
occupation
10 Mar 1783 - 7 Jan 1785 Charles
Joseph Pâtissier,
(b. 1718 - d. 1785)
marquis de Bussy-Castelnau
8 Jan 1775 - 21 May 1785 Nicolas
Coutanceau des Algrains (b. 1730 - d. 1788)
(acting)
21 May 1785 - Oct 1785 François,
vicomte de Souillac (b.
1732 - d. 1803)
8 Oct 1785 -
1787
David Charpentier de
Cossigny (b. 1740 - d.
1801)
20 Sep 1787 -
1789
Thomas, comte de
Conway
(b. 1733 - d. c.1800)
5 Oct 1789 - 1793
Camille
Charles Le Clerc de
(b. 1740 - d. 1813)
Fresne
de La Verpillière
5 Feb 1793 - 1793
L. Leroux de
Touffreville (acting) 1747-1829 Pierre Adrien Le Roux
18 Feb 1793 - 24 Aug 1793 Dominique
Prosper, comte de
(b. 1741 - d. 1798)
Chermont
British military commandants
23 Aug 1793 - Jan 1794 John Floyd
(b. 1748 - d. 1818)
Jan 1794 - 1795
Eccles Nixon
(b. c.1736 - d. 1804)
1795 - 1802
John Braithwaite
(b. 1739 - d.
1813)
1802
Sir Alexander
Campbell
(b. 1760 - d. 1824)
1802 - 1803
David de Meuron (acting)
(b. 1753 - d. 1804)
Governors
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Charles Matthieu
Isidore, comte (b. 1769 - d. 1832)
Decaen (appointed 18 Jun 1802)
11 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Louis
François
Binot
(b. 1771 - d. 1807)
(acting for comte Decaen)
13 Jul 1803 - 1 Oct 1803 Benoît
Mottet de La
(b. 1745 - d. 1820)
Fontaine -Prefect
British military commandants
1803 - 1804
George St.
John
(b. 17.. - d. 1806)
1804 - 1805
Alexander Keith
1805 - 1810
Ernest William
Fallowfield
(b. 1750 - d. 1810)
1810 - 1812
William Lockhart
(b. c.1730 -
d. 1817)
1812 - 1815
A. Fraser
1815 - 4 Dec 1816
James Stuart Fraser (commissioner) (b.
1783 - d. 1869)
Governors
26 Sep 1816 - Oct 1825 André
Julien, comte
Dupuy
(b. 1753 - d. 1820)
15 Oct 1825 - 19 Jun 1826 Joseph Marie
Emmanuel Cordier (b. 1773
- d. 1837)
(1st time) (acting)
19 Jun 1826 - 2 Aug 1828 Eugène
Panon,
comte
(b. 1800 - d. 1859)
Des Bassayns de Richemont
2 Aug 1828 - 14 Aug 1828 Vincent
François Scipion (acting) (b. 1780 - d.
1836)
14 Aug 1828 - 10 Apr 1829 Joseph
Marie Emmanuel Cordier (s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
10 Apr 1829 - 3 May 1835 Auguste
Jacques Nicolas Peureux
de Mélay
3 May 1835 - Apr
1840 Henri Jean
Victor,
(b. 1782 - d. 1865)
marquis de Saint-Simon
27 Apr 1840 -
1844
Paul de Nourquer du
Camper
(b. 1776 - d. 1849)
16 Nov 1844 -
1849
Louis
Pujol
(b. 1790 - d. 1855)
5 Jan 1849 - 14 Jun 1850 Hyacinthe
Marie de Lalande de (b.
1802 - d. 1850)
Calan
14 Jun 1850 - 6 Jan 1851 Romain Louis Marie
Malassis (b.
1807 - d. 1887)
(1st time) (acting)
6 Jan 1851 - 1851
Philippe
Achille
Bédier
(b. 1791 - d. 1865)
1 Dec 1851 - 1852
Romain Louis Marie Malassis
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
29 Jul 1852 - Apr 1857
Raymond Jean Baptiste de Verninac (b. 1794 - d.
1873)
de Saint-Maur
1 Apr 1857 - Jan
1863 Alexandre Jean Baptiste
Joseph (b. 1807 - d. 1864)
Jacques de Verninac Durand
d'Ubraye
18 Jan 1863 - Jun 1871
Napoléon Joseph Louis Bontemps
(b. 1813 - d. 1872)
27 Mar 1867 - 18 Oct 1867 Adolphe Joseph Antoine
Trillard (b. 1826 - d. 1908)
(acting for Bontemps)
Jun 1871 - Nov
1871 Antoine
Léonce Michaux
(b. 1822 - d. 1893)
Nov 1871 -
1875
Pierre Aristide
Faron
(b. 1814 - d. 1879)
15 May 1875 - 1 Jul 1875 Louis Bernard
Amélius Delrieu (b. 1821 -
d. 1875)
1 Jul 1875 - 13 Aug 1875 François
Christol Bernardy de (b. 1828 -
d. 1912)
Sigoyer (acting)
13 Aug 1875 - 7 Nov 1875 Louis Démétrius
Théodore Nesty (b. 1825 - d. 1884)
(1st
time)
7 Nov 1875 -
1878
Adolphe Joseph Antoine Trillard (s.a.)
27 Oct 1878 - 23 Feb 1879 Louis Démétrius Théodore
Nesty (s.a.)
(2nd
time)(acting)
23 Feb 1879 - Apr 1881 Jean Joseph Marie
Léonce Laugier (b. 1829 - d. 1900)
6 Apr 1881 - 12 Apr 1881 Haas (acting)
12 Apr 1881 - Sep 1884
Julien Théodore
Drouet
(b. 1817 - d. 1904)
14 Sep 1884 - 11 Oct 1884 Paul Louis Maxime
Céloron de (b. 1831
- d. 1899)
Blainville (1st time)(acting)
11 Oct 1884 - 29 Apr 1886 Étienne Antoine
Guillaume Richaud (b. 1841 - d. 1889)
29 Apr 1886 - 11 Nov 1886 Paul Louis Maxime
Céloron de (s.a.)
Blainville (2nd time)(acting)
17 Nov 1886 -
1888
Aimé Louis Édouard Manès
(b. 1835 - d. 1898)
25 Apr 1888 - 11 Aug 1888 Paul Fawtier (interim)
(b. 1837 - d.
1903)
11 Aug 1888 - 20 Aug 1888 Charles-Honoré Vassal
(interim) (b. 1833 - d. 1900)
20 Aug 1888 - 14 Nov 1888 Antoine Léandre Mathivet
(1st time)(b. 1852 - d. ....)
14 Nov 1888 - 18 May 1889 Georges Jules
Piquet
(b. 1839 - d. 1923)
18 May 1889 - 25 Jul 1889 Antoine Léandre Mathivet
(2nd time)(s.a.)
25 Jul 1889 -
1891
Louis Hippolyte Marie
Nouet (b. 1844
- d. 1933)
1 Feb 1891 -
1896
Léon Émile
Clément-Thomas
(b. 1840 - d. ....)
27 Oct 1893 - 16 Jun 1894 Antoine Jean Pierre
Louis Deloncle
(acting
for Clément-Thomas)
31 May 1896 - 27 Jan 1898 Louis
Jean Girod
(b. 1856 - d. 1922)
27 Jan 1898 - 5 Feb 1898 Jean-Baptiste
Venant Emile Borne (b. 1843 - d. 1904)
(interim)
5 Feb 1898 - 11 Jan 1902 François
Pierre
Rodier
(b. 1854 - d. 1913)
17 Apr 1900 - 2 Mar 1901 Paul Marie Armand
Beuverand de (b. 1847 - d. 1913)
La
Loyère (acting for Rodier)
18 Feb 1902 - 24 Oct 1902 Louis Pelletan
(interim)
(b. 1842 - d. 1904)
24 Oct 1902 - Aug 1904
Victor Louis Marie
Lanrezac (b.
1854 - d. 1916)
13 Aug 1904 - Apr 1905
Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire
(b. 1856 - d. 1932)
22 Apr 1905 - Oct 1906
Joseph Pascal
François
(b. 1853 - d. 1914)
Oct 1906 - 3 Dec
1907 Gabriel Louis
Angoulvant
(b. 1872 - d. 1932)
1908 -
1909
Adrien Jules Jean
Bonhoure
(b. 1860 - d. 1929)
1909 - 9 Jul
1910
Ernest Fernand
Lévecque
(b. 1852 - d. 1927)
9 Jul 1910 - 27 Jun 1911 Alfred
Albert Martineau (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1941)
27 Jun 1911 - 8 Jul 1911 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (b. 1866 -
d. 19..)
(1st
time) (interim)
8 Jul 1911 - 4 Mar 1913 Pierre Louis
Alfred Duprat (b. 1880 - d.
1953)
4 Mar 1913 - 7 Nov 1913 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
7 Nov 1913 - 29 Jun 1918 Alfred
Albert Martineau (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1914 - 4 Jun 1915 Henri Alphonse
Joseph Lejeune (s.a.)
(acting
for Martineau)
29 Jun 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 Pierre Etienne
Clayssen (interim) (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
21 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1926 Louis Martial
Innocent Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
15 Sep 1922 - 1 Jul 1923 Maurice
Pierre Lapalud
(b. 1868 - d. 19..)
(acting
for Gerbinis)
10 Feb 1926 - 5 Aug 1926 Henri Léo Eugène
Lagroua (interim)
5 Aug 1926 - 14 Jan 1928 Pierre Jean
Henri
Didelot
(b. 1870 - d. 1941)
14 Jan 1928 - 29 Feb 1928 Joseph Georges Eugène
Lanes (b. 1880
- d. 1956)
(interim)
29 Feb 1928 - 16 Feb 1930 Robert Paul
Marie de
Guise
(b. 1872 - d. 1940)
16 Feb 1930 - 24 May 1930 Edouard Victor Magnien
(interim) (b. 1873 - d. 19..)
24 May 1930 - 1 Nov 1933 François
Adrien
Juvanon
(b. 1875 - d. 1950)
1 Nov 1933 - 15 Aug 1934 Georges Charles
Jean Bourret (b.
1884 - d. 19..)
(interim)
15 Aug 1934 - Oct 1936
Léon
Solomiac
(b. 1884 - d. 1960)
9 Oct 1936 - 11 Aug 1938 Horace
Valentin
Crocicchia
(b. 1888 - d. 1976)
(acting
to 9 Dec 1936)
11 Aug 1938 - 26 Sep 1938 Emmanuel François Marie
Philippon
(interim)
26 Sep 1938 - Jun 1945
Louis Alexis Étienne
Bonvin (b.
1886 - d. 1946)
17 Jun 1945 - 20 Mar 1946 Nicolas Ernest
Marie Maurice (b. 1886 - d.
19..)
Jeandin (interim)
20 Mar 1946 - 4 Sep 1947 Charles
François Henri Baron
(b. 1900 - d. 1980)
Commissioners
4 Sep 1947 - Dec 1948
Charles François Marie Baron (s.a.)
1 Dec 1948 - 26 Jan 1949 Maurice André
Thomas (interim) (b. 1912 - d.
2001)
26 Jan 1949 - 12 May 1949 Christian Jacques
Camouilly (b.
1911 - d. 1989)
(interim)
12 May 1949 - 21 Apr 1950 Charles
Chambon
(b. 1896 - d. 1965)
21 Apr 1950 - Oct 1954
André
Ménard
(b. 1907 - d. 1988)
(acting
to 31 Jul 1950)
Oct 1954 - 1 Nov 1954
Georges Escargueil
(acting) (b.
1907 - d. 1990)
Ostend East India Company
![[Austrian War Ensign]](https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135626/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ah-wens.gif)
13 Aug
1719
Cabelon (Kovalam) post on Coromandel coast established.
19 Dec
1722
Imperial Ostend Company (Kaiserliche
Ostender Kompanie), an
association of Flemish merchants from the
Austrian Netherlands
trading in the east, is granted a charter by
Holy Roman Emperor
Karl VI.
Jul
1723
Banquibazar (Banki Bazar) factory established in Bengal.
31 May
1727
Charter of Ostend Company is suspended by the Emperor.
5 Jul
1727
Banquibazar officially ceded to Austria.
16 Mar
1731
Emperor agrees to dissolve the Ostend Company by Second
Treaty of Vienna.
c.1742
Cabelon
factory is lost.
5 Nov
1744
Banquibazar factory lost.
Governors-general
Jul 1723 - 27 Jun
1724 Jacques-André
Cobbé
(b. 1682 - d. 1724)
27 Jun 1724 - 30 Jun 1724 Martin
van Snaer
+ Pierre Sneyers
(acting)
30 Jun 1724 - 6 Feb 1726 Commanders
- T. Kint (to 18 Jul 1724)
- Vincent Parraber
(from 18 Jul 1724)
6 Feb 1726 - 29 Aug 1726 Commanders
- Jean Bos
- François de
Schonamille
(b. 1678 - d. 1745)
(1st time)
- Jean Ray
29 Aug 1726 - Dec
1730 Alexander Hume
Commander
Dec 1730 - 9 Nov
1744 François de
Schonamille
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Commanders
13 Aug 1719 -
1719
Godefroid de la Merveille
1719 - 23 Jul
1726
Luis Diaz de la Peña
23 Jul 1726 -
17..
Joseph Mérat
c.1730
Joseph Cointrel
Portuguese India (Goa)
| Map of Portuguese India |
Capital: Nova Goa (Goa 1530-1843; Fortaleza de Cochim 1505-1530) |
Currency: 1959-1962 Portuguese India Escudo (INPE); 1881-1959 Portuguese India Rupia (INPR) |
Population: 547,448 (1960) |
| GDP: $N/A |
Exports: 709.7
million Escudos (1960) Imports: 750.7 million Escudos (1960) |
Ethnic groups: Portuguese, Indian | |
|
Portuguese Armed Forces:
4,195 (1961) Police Force: 850 (1955) Merchant marine: N/A |
Religions: Roman Catholic, Hindu, Muslim | ||
| Dependencies |
20 May
1498
Vasco da Gama arrives in India.
27 Sep 1503 - 7 Jan 1663 Cochin
(Kochi) a Portuguese possession.
1502 15 Feb
1663
Cannanore (Kannanur) a Portuguese possession.
1502 24 Dec
1661
Quilon (Coylan) a Portuguese possession
(Dutch occupation 29 Dec 1658 - 14 Apr 1659).
13 Sep 1505
Anjediva (Forte
de Angediva) acquired by Portugal.
1510
Estado
da Índia (State of India) established by
Portuguese.
15 Feb 1510 - 30 May 1510 Portuguese occupy
Goa.
30 May 1510 - 25 Nov 1510 Bijapur
occupies Goa.
25 Nov
1510
Goa a Portuguese colony.
1523 15 Jan
1662
Cranganore (Kodungallur) a Portuguese
possession.
1523 -
1662
Portuguese settlement of São Tomé de Meliapore.
23 Dec
1534
Baçaim (Bassein)
and its dependencies ceded to Portugal;
organized as the Northern Provinces.
21 Dec
1535
Diu acquired by
Portugal.
2 Feb 1559
Damão
(Daman) acquired by Portugal.
15 Jul 1580 - 1 Dec 1640 Portuguese
India along with Portugal a Spanish possession.
1636 -
1644
Goa blocked by Dutch fleets.
23 Jun
1661
Bombaim (Bombay) and its dependencies (s.a.) ceded to
England.
18 Feb
1665
Final cession of Bombay to England (without its
dependencies).
1687 - 21 Oct
1749 São
Tomé de Meliapore re-occupied by Portuguese.
23 May
1739
Baçaim lost.
17 Dec
1779
Dadra, Nagar and Haveli acquired by Portugal.
7 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802
British garrison Goa, Portuguese civil rule
continues.
3 Sep 1803 - 2 Apr 1813
British garrison Goa, Portuguese civil rule
continues.
18 Dec
1946
Overseas province of Portugal.
21 Jul
1954
Dadra then Nagar and Haveli (2 Aug 1954) occupied
by Indian nationalists (Aug 1961 annexed by India).
19 Dec
1961
Goa, Damão, and Diu occupied by India.
16 Mar
1962
Annexed by India (see under Indian states).
31 Dec
1974
Annexation recognized by Portugal.
Viceroy
13 Sep 1505 - 4 Sep 1509 Francisco de
Almeida
(b. c.1450 - d. 1510)
Governors-general
4 Sep 1509 8 Sep 1515 Afonso de
Albuquerque
(b. 1453 - d. 1515)
8 Sep 1515 20 Dec 1518 Lopo Soares de
Albergaria (b. c.1442
- d. c.1520)
20 Dec 1518 22 Jan 1522 Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
(b. 1465 - d.
1530)
22 Jan 1522 4 Dec 1524 Duarte de Meneses
(b. bf.1488 - d. 1539)
4 Dec 1524 - 24 Dec 1524 Vasco da Gama,
conde
de
(b. 1460 - d. 1524)
Vidigueira -Viceroy
25 Dec 1524 - 2 Feb 1526 Henrique de Meneses
(b. 1496 - d. 1526)
2 Feb 1526 18 Nov 1529 Lopo Vaz de Sampaio
(b. c.1480 - d. 1538)
18 Nov 1529 - 14 Sep 1538 Nuno da Cunha
(b. 1487 - d. 1539)
14 Sep 1538 - 3 Apr 1540 Garcia de Noronha -Viceroy
(b. 1480 - d. 1540)
4 Apr 1540 7 May 1542 Estevão da
Gama
(b. 1510 - d. 1575)
7 May 1542 12 Sep 1545 Martim Afonso de
Sousa
(b. 1500 - d. 1564)
12 Sep 1545 - 6 Jun 1548 João de Castro -Viceroy
(b. 1500 - d. 1548)
7 Jun 1548 - 13 Jun 1549 Garcia de
Sá
(b. c.1460 - d. 1549)
13 Jun 1549 Nov 1550 Jorge
Cabral
(b. c.1500 - d. 15..)
Viceroys
Nov 1550 16 Sep 1554 Afonso de
Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d. c.1586)
16 Sep 1554 - 23 Jun 1555 Pedro
Mascarenhas
(b. 1470 - d. 1555)
23 Jun 1555 8 Sep 1558 Francisco Barreto -Governor
(b. 1520 - d. 1575)
8 Sep 1558 7 Sep 1561 Constantino de
Bragança
(b. 1532 - d. 1575)
7 Sep 1561 29 Feb 1564 Francisco Coutinho,
conde do (b. 1517 -
d. 1564)
Redondo
29 Feb 1564 3 Sep 1564 João de Mendonça -Governor
(b. c.1530 - d. 1578)
3 Sep 1564 10 Sep 1568 Antão de
Noronha
(b. c.1520 - d. 1569)
10 Sep 1568 6 Sep 1571 Luís de Ataíde,
conde
(b. 1517 - d. 1580)
de Atouguia (1st time)
6 Sep 1571 9 Dec 1573 António de
Noronha
(b. c.1510 - d. 1574)
Governors
9 Dec 1573 Sep 1577
António Moniz
Barreto
(b. 1530 - d. 1600)
Sep 1577 31 Aug 1578 Diogo de
Meneses
(b. c.1540 - d. 1580)
Viceroys
31 Aug 1578 - 10 Mar 1580 Luís de Ataíde,
conde
(s.a.)
de Atouguia (2nd time)
10 Mar 1581 17 Sep 1581 Fernão Teles de Meneses,
conde (b. c.1530 - d. 1605)
de Vilar Maior -Governor
17 Sep 1581 Nov 1584 Francisco
Mascarenhas, conde
(b. c.1530 - d. 1608)
de Santa Cruz
Nov 1584 - 4 May 1588
Duarte de Meneses, conde
de (b. 1537 -
d. 1588)
Tarouca
4 May 1588 15 May 1591 Manuel de Sousa
Coutinho -Governor (b. 1540 - d. 1591)
15 May 1591 25 May 1597 Matias de
Albuquerque
(b. 1547 - d. 1609)
25 May 1597 25 Dec 1600 Francisco da Gama, conde
de (b. 1565 -
d. 1632)
Vidigueira (1st time)
25 Dec 1600 20 May 1605 Aires de
Saldanha
(b. 1542 - d. 1605)
20 May 1605 4 Jun 1607 Martim Afonso de
Castro
(b. c.1560 - d. 1649)
4 Jun 1607 27 May 1609 Aleixo de Menezes,
arcebispo (b. 1559 -
d. 1617)
de Braga -Governor
27 May 1609 5 Sep 1609 André Furtado de
Mendonça -Governor(b. 1558 - d. 1611)
5 Sep 1609 25 Dec 1612 Rui Lourenço de
Távora
(b. 1566 - d. 1616)
25 Dec 1612 18 Nov 1617 Jerônimo de
Azevedo
(b. 1540 - d. 1625)
18 Nov 1617 11 Nov 1619 João Coutinho, conde de
Redondo (b. c.1540 - d. 1619)
11 Nov 1619 19 Dec 1622 Fernão de Albuquerque -Governor
(b. 1540 - d. 1623)
19 Dec 1622 8 Mar 1627 Francisco da Gama,
conde de
(s.a.)
Vidigueira (2nd time)
8 Mar 1627 29 Jul 1629 Frei Luis de Brito
e
(b. c.1570 - d. 1629)
Meneses -Governor
29 Jul 1629 21 Oct 1629 Governing Commission
- Nuno Álvares Botelho
(b. 1590 - d. 1631)
- Lourenço da Cunha
(d. 1633)
- Gonçalo Pinto da Fonseca
21 Oct 1629 9 Dec 1635 Miguel de Noronha,
conde de (b.
c.1585 - d. 1647)
Linhares
9 Dec 1635 - 24 Jun 1639 Pedro da
Silva
(b. c.1580 - d. 1639)
24 Jun 1639 24 Sep 1640 António Teles de
Menezes, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)
de Vila Pouca de Aguiar -Governor
24 Sep 1640 30 Dec 1645 João da Silva Telo de
Meneses, (b. c.1600 - d. 1650)
conde de Aveiras
30 Dec 1645 31 May 1651 Filipe
Mascarenhas
(b. c.1580 - d. 1652)
31 May 1651 6 Sep 1652 Governing
Commission
- Frei Francisco dos Mártires (b.
1583 - d. 1652)
- Francisco de Melo de Castro (d.
1664)
(1st time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho
(d. 1668)
(1st time)
6 Sep 1652 22 Oct 1653 Vasco Mascarenhas,
conde
(b. c.1605 - d. 1678)
de Óbidos
22 Oct 1653 23 Aug 1655 Brás de Castro -Governor
(b. c.1570 - d. 1655)
23 Aug 1655 - 14 Jan 1656 Rodrigo Lobo da
Silveira, conde (b. c.1600 - d. 1656)
de Sarzedas
14 Jan 1656 22 May 1656 Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(acting) (b. c.1600 - d. 1657)
22 May 1656 14 Jun 1661 Governing Commission
- Manoel Mascarenhas Homem
(s.a.)
(to 25 Sep 1657)
- Francisco de Melo de Castro (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- António de Sousa Coutinho
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1661 14 Dec 1662 Governing Commission
- Luis de Mendonça Furtado e
Albuquerque
- Pedro de Lancastre
(d. 1663)
14 Dec 1662 17 Oct 1666 António de Melo
Castro
(b. c.1640 - d. ....)
17 Oct 1666 6 Nov 1668 João Nunes da
Castro, conde de (b. 1619 - d.
1668)
São Vicente
6 Nov 1668 22 May 1671 Governing
Commission
- António de Melo e Castro
(s.a.)
- Luis de Miranda Henriques
(d. 1669)
(to Mar 1669)
- Manoel
Corte-Real de Sampaio
22 May 1671 30 Oct 1677 Luís de Mendonça Furtado
e (b.
c.1610 - d. 1677)
Albuquerque, conde de Lavradio
30 Oct 1677 24 Jan 1678 Pedro de Almeida, conde
de Assumar (b. 1630 - d. 1679)
24 Jan 1678 12 Sep 1681 Governing Commission
- Frei António Brandão
(b. 1620 - d. 1678)
- António Paes de Sande
(b. 1622 - d. 1695)
- Francisco Cabral de Almada
12 Sep 1681 13 Dec 1686 Francisco de Távora,
conde de (b. 1646 - d.
1710)
Alvor
13 Dec 1686 - 23 Jun 1690 Rodrigo da Costa -Governor
(b. c.1640 - d. 1690)
23 Jun 1690 9 Jan 1691 Miguel de Almeida -Governor
(b. c.1640 - d. 1691)
9 Jan 1691 28 May 1693 Governing
Commisison
- Fernando Martins Mascarenhas de
Lancastre
- Frei Agostinho de Annunciação (b. 1652 -
d. 1713)
(1st time)
- Luis Gonçalves Cotta (to 1691) (d. 1691)
28 May 1693 20 Sep 1698 Pedro António de
Noronha
(b. 1661 - d. 1731)
Albuquerque e Sousa, marquês
de Angeja
20 Sep 1698 17 Sep 1701 António Luís Gonçalves
da Câmara (b. 1638 - d. 1702)
Coutinho
17 Sep 1701 - 2 Oct 1702 Governing
Commission
- Frei Agostinho da Annunciação (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Vasco Luís Coutinho da Costa
2 Oct 1702 - 28 Oct 1707 Caetano de Melo e
Castro
(b. c.1680 - d. 1718)
28 Oct 1707 - 21 Sep 1712 Rodrigo da
Costa
(b. 1657 - d. 1722)
21 Sep 1712 - 13 Jan 1717 Vasco Fernandes César de
Meneses (b. 1673 - d. 1743)
13 Jan 1717 - 16 Oct 1717 Sebastião de Andrade
Pessanha (b. c.1670 - d.
1737)
arcebispo primaz de Goa -Governor
16 Oct 1717 - 14 Sep 1720 Luís Carlos Inácio
Xavier
(b. 1689 - d. 1742)
de Meneses, marquês de Louriçal
(1st time)
14 Sep 1720 - 13 Jul 1723 Francisco José de
Sampaio e Castro (b. c.1675 - d. 1723)
13 Jul 1723 - 13 Sep 1723 Cristóvão de
Melo
(b. 1672 - d. 1734)
13 Sep 1723 - 28 Oct 1725 Governing Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (1st time)
(s.a.)
- Frei Ignácio de Santa Theresa (b. 1682 -
d. 1751)
(1st time)
- Cristóvão Luís de Andrade
28 Oct 1725 23 Jan 1732 João de Saldanha da
Gama
(b. 1674 - d. 1752)
23 Jan 1732 - 7 Nov 1732 Governing
Commission
- Cristóvão de Melo (2nd time)
(s.a.)
- Frei Ignácio de Santa Theresa
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Tomé Gomes Moreira
(b. 1684 - d. 17..)
7 Nov 1732 - 18 May 1741 Pedro Mascarenhas,
conde de (b.
1670 - d. 1745)
Sandomil
18 May 1741 - 14 Jun 1742 Luís Carlos Inácio
Xavier
(s.a.)
de Meneses, marquês de Louriçal
(2nd time)
14 Jun 1742 - 24 Sep 1744 Governing Commission
- Francisco de
Vasconcellos
(b. 1673 - d. 1743)
(to 30 Mar 1743)
- Luís Caetano de Meneses
(b. 1708 - d. 1757)
- Lourenço de Noronha
(from 18 May 1743)
24 Sep 1744 - 27 Sep 1750 Pedro Miguel de Almeida
e Portugal,(b. 1688 - d. 1756)
conde de Assumar, marquês de
Castelo Novo, marquês de Alorna
27 Sep 1750 - 18 Sep 1754 Francisco de Assis da
Tavora, (b. 1703 - d.
1759)
marquês de Tavora
18 Sep 1754 - 28 Jun 1756 Luís Mascarenhas, conde
de Alva (b. c.1685 - d. 1756)
28 Jun 1756 - 23 Sep 1756 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum (b. 1706 -
d. 1775)
da Silveira (1st time)
- João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
- Filippe de Valladares
Souto (b. 1691 - d. 1775)
Maior
23 Sep 1756 - 19 Oct 1765 Manuel de Saldanha de
Albuquerque (b. 1712 - d. 1771)
e Castro, conde da Ega
19 Oct 1765 - 12 Mar 1768 Governing Commission
- António Taveira da Neiva Brum (s.a.)
da Silveira (2nd time)
- João Baptista Vaz Pereira
- João José de
Melo
(b. c.1700 - d. 1774)
Governors
12 Mar 1768 - 13 Jan 1774 João José de
Melo
(s.a.)
13 Jan 1774 - 24 Sep 1774 Filippe de Valadares
Sotomaior (s.a.)
24 Sep 1774 - 26 May 1779 José Pedro da
Câmara
(b. 1721 - d. 1789)
26 May 1779 - 3 Nov 1786 Federico Guilherme
de Sousa (b.
1737 - d. 1790)
3 Nov 1786 - 22 May 1794 Francisco da Cunha
e Meneses (b. 1747 -
d. 1812)
22 May 1794 - 30 May 1807 Francisco António da
Veiga Cabral (b. 1733 - d. 1810)
da Câmara Pimentel, visconde de
Mirandela
7 Sep 1799 - Nov 1802
Sir William Clarke (1st time) (b.
1762 - d. 1808)
(commander of British garrison)
3 Sep 1803 - 1806
Sir William Clarke
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(commander of British garrison)
1806 - 1807
Coleman
(commander of British garrison)
1807 - Mar 1811
Alexander Adams
(b. 17.. - d. 1835)
(commander of British garrison)
Viceroys
30 May 1807 - 29 Nov 1816 Bernardo José da
Silveira e Lorena,(b. 1756 - d. 1818)
conde de Sarzedas
29 Nov 1816 - 16 Sep 1821 Diogo de Sousa, conde de
Rio Pardo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
16 Sep 1821 3 Dec 1821 Governing
Commission
- Manuel Godinho da Mira
- Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva (b. 1776 - d.
1838)
e Gama
- Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira (d. 1825)
Pinto
- Manuel José Gomes Loureiro
(d. 1855)
- Manuel Duarte Leitão
(b. 1787 - d. 1856)
3 Dec 1821 - 18 Nov 1823 Governing
Commission
- Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da (b. 1789 - d.
1825)
Câmara
- Frei Paulo de São Tomás de
(b. 1773 - d. 1823)
Aquino
- António José de Mello Souto (b.
1776 - d. 1848)
Maior Telles
- João Carlos Leal
- António José de Lima Leitão (b.
1787 - d. 1856)
- Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha (b.
1775 - d. 1850)
18 Nov 1823 17 Nov 1825 Manuel Maria Gonçalves
Zarco da (s.a.)
Câmara (governor to 22 Aug 1824)
17 Nov 1825 - 9 Oct 1827 Governing
Commission
- Frei Manuel de São Galdino (b.
1769 - d. 1831)
- Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha (b. 1751 - d. 1837)
- António Ribeiro de Carvalho (d.
1828)
9 Oct 1827 - 14 Jan 1835 Manuel Francisco de
Portugal e (b. 1787 - d.
1854)
Castro (governor to 7 Apr 1830)
Prefects
14 Jan 1835 - 31 Jan 1835 Bernardo Peres
da
Silva
(b. 1775 - d. 1846)
1 Feb 1835 3 Feb 1835 Manuel
Francisco Zacarias de (b.
1787 - d. 1843)
Portugal
e Castro
Chairman Provincial Committee
Feb 1835 - 3 Mar
1835 Joaquim Manuel Correia da
Silva (b. 1776 - d. 1838)
e Gama
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
3 Mar 1835 - Dec 1836 João
Casimiro Pereira da Rocha (d. 1845)
de
Vasconcellos
+ Manuel José
Ribeiro
(d. 1837)
+ Frei Constantino de Santa Rita (d. 1836)
Dec 1836 - Apr
1837 João
Cabral de Estifique
(b. 1780 - d. 1854)
+ António Maria de Mello
+ Joaquim António de Moraes
(d. 1873)
Carneiro
Apr 1837 - 23 Nov 1837 José António
de Lemos
+ António Mariano de Azevedo (d.
1838)
Governors-general
23 Nov 1837 28 Sep 1838 Simão Infante de Lacerda
de Sousa (b. 1793 - d. 1838)
Tavares, barão de Sabroso
28 Sep 1838 - 5 Mar 1839 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Feliciano de Santa Rita (b. 1783 - d.
1839)
Carvalho
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (b. 1793 -
d. 1863)
(1st time)
- José Cancio
Freire de Lima
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(1st time)
5 Mar 1839 - 12 Nov 1839 José António Vieira
da Fonseca (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Nov 1839 - 18 Apr 1840 Manuel José Mendes,
barão de (b. 1787 -
d. 1840)
Candal
19 Apr 1840 - 24 Sep 1840 Governing Council
(acting)
- José António Vieira da Fonseca (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- José Cancio Freire de Lima
(2nd time)
- António João de Ataíde
(1st time)
- Domingo José Mariano Luiz
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (1st time) (b. 1801 - d.
1876)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(1st time)
24 Sep 1840 - 27 Apr 1842 José Joaquim Lopes de
Lima (acting)(b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
27 Apr 1842 - 19 Sep 1842 Governing Council
(acting)
- António Ramalho da Sá
(d. 1860)
- Antonio José de Mello Souto (b.
1776 - d. 1848)
Maior Telles
- António João de Ataíde
(2nd time)
- José da Costa Campos (2nd time) (s.a.)
- Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
(2nd time)
19 Sep 1842 - 25 Apr 1843 Francisco Xavier da
Silva Pereira, (b. 1793 - d. 1852)
conde das Antas
25 Apr 1843 - 20 May 1844 Joaquim Mourão Garcês
Palha (b. 1775
- d. 1850)
20 May 1844 - 15 Jan 1851 José Ferreira Pestana
(1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1885)
15 Jan 1851 6 May 1855 José Joaquim
Januario Lapa,
visconde de Villa Nova de Ourém (b. 1796 -
d. 1859)
6 May 1855 - 2 Nov 1855 Governing
Council (acting)
- Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho (b. 1781 -
d. 1859)
- Luís da Costa Campos
(b. 1802 - d. 1858)
- Francisco Xavier Peres
- Bernardo Heitor da Silveira e (b. 1810 -
d. 1871)
Lorena
- Victor Anastácio Mourão Garcez (b. 1812 - d.
1862)
Palha
3 Nov 1855 - 24 Dec 1864 António César de
Vasconcellos (b. 1797 - d.
1865)
Correia, visconde de Torres Novas
24 Dec 1864 - 7 May 1870 José Ferreira
Pestana (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 May 1870 - 12 Dec 1871 Januario Correia de
Almeida, (b. 1829 -
d. 1901)
visconde de São Januario
12 Dec 1871 - 10 May 1875 Joaquim José de Macedo e
Couto (b. 1810 - d. 1879)
10 May 1875 - 24 Jul 1877 João Tavares de
Almeida
(b. 1816 - d. 1877)
24 Jul 1877 12 Nov 1877 Governing
Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos (b. 1837 - d.
1880)
(1st time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(1st time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (b. 1802 - d. 1887)
(1st time)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão (b. 1837 -
d. 1902)
(1st time)
12 Nov 1877 - 3 May 1878 António Sérgio de
Sousa,
(b. 1809 - d. 1878)
visconde de Sérgio de Sousa
May 1878 - 3 Dec 1878 Governing
Council (acting)
- Ayres de Ornellas e Vasconcelos (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- João Caetano da Silva Campos
(2nd time)
- Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga (s.a.)
(2nd time)(to ... 1878)
- Tomás Nunes da Serva e Moura
(from ... 1878)
- António Sergio de Sousa, Jr. (b. 1842 -
d. 1906)
- Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Dec 1878 10 Apr 1882 Caetano Alexandre
de Almeida e (b. 1824 - d. 1916)
Albuquerque
10 Apr 1882 2 May 1885 Carlos Eugénio
Correia da Silva, (b. 1834 - d. 1905)
visconde de Paço de Arcos
2 May 1885 12 Apr 1886 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(b. 1846 - d. 1908)
(1st time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (1st time)
- José Inácio de Brito (1st time) (b. 1806 - d.
1896)
- José Maria Teixeira Guimarães (b. 1845 -
d. 1915)
12 Apr 1886 1 Nov 1886 Francisco Joaquim
Ferreira do (b. 1843 - d.
1923)
Amaral
1 Nov 1886 16 Dec 1886 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- José de Sá Coutinho (2nd time)
- José Inácio de Brito (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1886 27 Apr 1889 Augusto César Cardoso de
Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
27 Apr 1889 16 Jun 1889 Governing
Council (acting)
- Antonio Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
- José Joaquim Borges de Azevedo (b. 1851 -
d. ....)
Enes
- José Inácio de Brito (3rd time) (s.a.)
- Joaquim A. Mousinho de
(b. 1855 - d. 1902)
Albuquerque
16 Jun 1889 10 Mar 1891 Vasco Guedes de Carvalho
e Meneses (b. 1824 - d. 1905)
10 Mar 1891 - 11 Dec 1891 Francisco Maria da
Cunha
(b. 1832 - d. 1909)
11 Dec 1891 28 Mar 1892 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(4th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(b. 1839 - d. ....)
(1st time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(b. 1817 - d. 1902)
(1st time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças Falcão (b. 1852 - d.
1913)
(1st time)
28 Mar 1892 9 Apr 1893 Francisco Teixeira
da Silva (b.
1826 - d. 1894)
9 Apr 1893 3 Jul 1893 Governing
Council (acting)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Raimundo Maria Correia Mendes
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
- Luis Fisher Berquó Poças Falcão (s.a.)
(2nd time)
3 Jul 1893 16 Aug 1894 Raphael Jácome
Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d.
1900)
(1st time)
16 Aug 1894 7 Nov 1894 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(5th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
- Francisco António Ochoa
(b. 1839 - d. 1912)
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (b.
1830 - d. 1902)
(1st time)
7 Nov 1894 8 Nov 1895 Elesbão José
de Betencourt Lapa, (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
visconde de Vila Nova de Ourém
8 Nov 1895 13 Nov 1895
Governing Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(6th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda (s.a.)
(4th time)
- João José da Silva
- Luis Carneiro de Sousa e Faro (s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Nov 1895 19 Mar 1896 Raphael Jácome Lopes de
Andrade (s.a.)
(2nd time)
19 Mar 1896 27 May 1896 Afonso Henriques de
Bragança, (b. 1865 - d.
1920)
duque de Pôrto Viceroy
27 May 1896 13 Mar 1897 João António de Brissac
das Neves (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
Ferreira
13 Mar 1897 19 Aug 1897 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(7th time)
- João Manuel Correia Taborda
(s.a.)
(5th time)
- João de Melo de Sampaio (1st time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho
19 Aug 1897 22 Mar 1900 Joaquim José Machado
(b.
1847 - d. 1925)
22 Mar 1900 13 May 1900 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(8th time)
- Francisco João Xavier
- João de Melo de Sampaio (2nd time)
- Abel Augusto Correia de Pinho (b. 1856 -
d. 1924)
13 May 1900 22 Jul 1905 Eduardo Augusto
Rodrigues Galhardo (b. 1845 - d. 1908)
22 Jul 1905 8 Nov 1905 Governing
Council (acting)
- António Sebastião Valente
(s.a.)
(9th time)
- Alfredo Augusto de Mendonça David
- José Emilio de Santana da Cunha
Castel-Branco
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)
8 Nov 1905 14 Feb 1907 Arnaldo Nogueira de
Novais Guedes (b. 1847 - d. 1917)
Rebelo
14 Feb 1907 9 May 1907 Governing
Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time)
- Bernardo Nunes García
- César Augusto Roncon
9 May 1907 12 Oct 1910 José Maria de Sousa
Horta e Costa (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
12 Oct 1910 - 3 Jul 1917 Francisco Manuel
Couceiro da Costa (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
3 Jul 1917 - 17 Jul 1917 Francisco Maria
Peixoto Vieira
(1st time)(acting)
18 Jul 1917 - 24 Nov 1917 Governing
Council (acting)
- Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
- Francisco Peixoto de Oliveira e
Silva
- Francisco António Wolfango da
(b. 1864 - d. 1947)
Silva
24 Nov 1917 - 12 Jun 1919 José de Freitas
Ribeiro
(b. 1868 - d. 1929)
12 Jun 1919 - 11 Nov 1919 Augusto de Paiva Bobelo
da Mota (b. 1879 - d. 1931)
(acting)
12 Nov 1919 - 7 Apr 1925 Jaime
Alberto da Castro Morais (b.
1882 - d. 1973)
7 Apr 1925 - 7 Jul 1925
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira
(2nd time)(acting)
7 Jul 1925 - Jun
1926 Mariano
Martins
(b. 1880 - d. 1943)
Jun 1926 - 4 Aug
1926 Tito Augusto de Morais
(acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1963)
4 Aug 1926 - 15 Aug 1926 Acúrsio
Mendes da Rocha Dinis (b. 1885
- d. 1943)
(1st time)(acting)
15 Aug 1926 - 17 Apr 1929 Pedro Francisco
Massano de Amorim (b. 1862 - d. 1929)
17 Apr 1929 12 Jul 1929 Acúrsio
Mendes da Rocha Dinis (s.a.)
(2nd
time)(acting)
12 Jul 1929 25 Aug 1929
Alfredo Pedro de Almeida
(b. 1888 - d. 1960)
(acting)
25 Aug 1929 - 17 Sep 1936 João Carlos
Craveiro
Lopes
(b. 1871 - d. 1945)
Apr 1933 Sep 1933 Alfredo
Rodrigues dos Santos
(acting
for Craveiro Lopes)
17 Sep 1936 - 6 Jun 1938 Francisco
Higino Craveiro Lopes (b. 1894 - d.
1964)
6 Jun 1938 - 5 Dec 1945 José
Ricardo Pereira
Cabral (b.
1879 - d. 1956)
5 Dec 1945 - 8 Apr 1946 Paulo
Bénard Guedes (1st time) (b.
1892 - d. 1960)
(acting)
8 Aug 1946 - 12 Aug 1947 José
Silvestre Ferreira Bossa
(b. 1894 - d. 1970)
12 Aug 1947 - 27 Jun 1948 Fernando
Quintanilha Mendonça (b.
1898 - d. 1992)
Dias (1st time) (acting)
27 Jun 1948 - 13 Nov 1948 José Alves
Ferreira (acting)
(b. 1891 - d. 19..)
13 Nov 1948 - 11 Oct 1952 Fernando
Quintanilha Mendonça
(s.a.)
Dias (2nd time)(acting)
11 Oct 1952 - 5 Nov 1952 Manuel
Marques de Abrantes Amaral (b. 1914)
(acting)
5 Nov 1952 - 9 Oct 1958 Paulo Bénard
Guedes (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Oct 1958 4 Dec 1958 António
Cyrne Rodrigues Pacheco (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
(acting)
4 Dec 1958 - 1962
Manuel António Vassalo e
Silva (b. 1899 - d. 1985)
(nominally from 19 Dec 1961)
Indian Military Governor
19 Dec 1961 - 6 Jun 1962 Kenneth P.
Candeth
(b. 1916 - d. 2003)
British Envoys
1799 - 1801
Joshua Uhthoff
(b. 1765 - d.
1818)
1801 - 1803
Lt. Dillon (acting)
1803 - Jan 1806
Sir William Clarke
(s.a.)
Feb 1806 - Aug 1806 Coleman (acting)
Aug 1806 - 1815
Courtland Schuyler
Sikkim
| Map of Sikkim |
National
Anthem "Sikkim Blooming So Fresh and Beautiful" (5 Apr 1970-Apr 1975) |
Former National Anthem "Our Kingdom Sikkim" (c.1965-1970) |
Constitution (4 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975) |
|
Capital: Gangtok (Tumlong 1793-1894; Rabdantse 1760-1793; Yoksam 1642-1760) |
Currency:
Indian Rupee (INR) |
National Holiday: 22 May (1923) Birthday of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal |
Population: 162,189 (1961) |
| GDP: $ N/A |
Exports: $N/A Imports: $N/A |
Ethnic groups:
Nepalese 70%, Leptscha and Bhutanese 20%, Khambers 10% (1961) |
|
| Total Armed Forces: 300 Guards
(1975) Defense was the responsibility of India Merchant marine: None (1975) |
Religions: Hindu 70%,
Mahayana Buddhist 25% (state religion) (1961) |
||
| International Organizations/Treaties: N/A |
1642
'Bras-ljongs kingdom (English name of the polity
'Sikkim' also
in
official use after 1861).
1706
Briefly occupied by Bhutan.
1730
Tributary of Tibet.
bf.1793 -
1817
Annexed by Nepal.
10 Feb
1817
Protectorate of British India.
1 Feb
1835
Darjeerling leased to British India.
Feb
1850
Southern Sikkim and Darjeerling annexed by British
India.
28 Mar 1861 - 14 Aug 1947 Sikkim a British
protectorate.
17 Mar
1890
China formally recognizes British protectorate.
7 Sep
1904
Tibet formally recognizes British protectorate.
1918
Full internal autonomy granted.
15 Aug
1947
Independence declared.
15 Aug 1947 - 26 Apr 1975 Protectorate of
India (formally from 5 Dec 1950).
1 Mar 1975
Formally given the status of
an associated state of India.
10 Apr 1975
Sikkim assembly
abolishes the monarchy and proclaims
accession to India (endorsed by referendum on 14
Apr 1975).
16 May
1975
Annexed to India (retroactive to 26 Apr 1975)
(see under Indian
states).
Kings (Chogyal)¹
1642 -
1670
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
I
(b. 1604 - d. 1670)
[Phuntso Namgyal I]
1670 -
1700
bsTan-srung
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1644 - d. 1700)
[Tensung Namgyal]
1700 - 1716
Phyag-dor
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1686 - d. 1716)
[Chhagdor Namgyal]
1716 -
1733
'Gyur-med
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1707 - d. 1733)
[Gyurmed Namgyal]
1716 - 17..
Lama Jigme Pao -Regent
1733
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
II
(b. 1733 - d. 1780)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (1st time)
1733 -
1736
Chan-dzod rTa-mgrin
[Chandzod Tamding] (usurper)
1736 -
1780
Phun-tshogs rNam-rgyal
II
(s.a.)
[Phuntso Namgyal II] (2nd time)
1736 -
17..
Rabden Sharpa -Regent
1780 -
1793
bsTan-'dzin
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1769 - d. 1793)
[Tenzing Namgyal]
(in exile from 17..)
1793 -
1862
gTsug-phud
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1785 - d. 1863)
[Tsugphud Namgyal]
(in exile ....-1817)
1862 - Apr
1874
Srid-skyong Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal I (b. 1819 - d. 1874)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal I]
(regent 1861-62)
Apr 1874 - 10 Feb 1914
mThu-stobs
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1860 - d. 1914)
[Thutob Namgyal (from 12 Dec 1911, Sir Thutob
Namgyal)]
(in exile in Tibet 1892-93 and in India 1893-95)
11 Feb 1914 - 5 Dec 1914 Srid-skyong
Sprul-sku rNam-rgyal II(b. 1879 - d. 1914)
[Sidkeong Trulku Namgyal
II]
5 Dec 1914 - 2 Dec 1963
bKra-shis
rNam-rgyal
(b. 1893 - d. 1963)
[Tashi Namgyal (from 1 Jan 1923, Sir Tashi Namgyal)]
3 Dec 1963 - 14 Apr 1975 dPal-ldan
Don-grub rNam-rgyal (b.
1923 - d. 1982)
[Palden Thondup Namgyal]
(Indian prisoner from 9 Apr 1975)
Chief Executive
14 Apr 1975 - 16 May 1975 Bipen Bihari
Lal
(b. 1917 - d. 2008) Non-party
President of the State Council
1944 - 1949
Palden Thondup Namgyal
(s.a.)
Non-party
Chief ministers
9 May 1949 - 6 Jun 1949
Tashi Tshering
(d. ....)
SSC
6 Jun 1949 - 11 Aug 1949
Harishwar Dayal (interim)
(b. 1915 - d. 1964) Non-party
Dewans
11 Aug 1949 -
1954
John S.
Lall
(b. 1914 - d. 2002) Non-party
1954 -
1959
Nari Kaikhosru
Rustomji
(b. 1919)
Non-party
22 Aug 1959 - 1963
Baleshwar
Prasad
(b. 1914 - d. 1996) Non-party
Principal administrative officer
1963 - 1969
Ramdas Narayan Haldipur
(b. 1921 - d. 2003)
Non-party
Sidlon
1969 - Jul 1972
Inder Sen Chopra
(b. 1909 - d. ....) Non-party
Chief administrative officer
9 Apr 1973 - 23 Jul
1974 Brajbir Saran Das
(b.
1925)
Non-party
Prime minister (Kazi)
23 Jul 1974 - 16 May 1975 Lhendup Dorjee
Khangsarpa
(b. 1904 - d. 2007) SCP
(Kazi Lhendup Dorji)
British Political Officers
1889 - Apr
1908
John Claude
White
(b. 1853 - d. 1918)
Sep 1906 - Jan 1907
Charles Alfred Bell
(b. 1870 - d. 1945)
(acting for White)
Apr 1908 - Apr 1918
Charles Alfred Bell
(1st time) (s.a.)
10 Aug 1911 8 Nov 1911 James
Leslie Rose Weir
(b. 1883 - d. 1950)
(acting
for Bell)
13 Oct 1913 5 Oct 1914 Basil John Gould
(b. 1883 - d. 1956)
(acting for Bell)
Apr 1918 - Jan 1920
William L. Campbell
(b. 18.. - d. 1937)
(acting to Mar 1919)
Jan 1920 - Dec 1920
Charles Alfred Bell (2nd
time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 1920 24 Jan 1921 John
Bartley (acting)
(b. 1886 - d. 1954)
Jan 1921 - Mar 1921 William
Frederick Travers O'Connor (b. 1870 - d. 1943)
(1st
time) (acting)
Mar 1921 18 Jun 1921 David
Macdonald
(b. 1870 - d. 1962)
19 Jun 1921 6 Jun 1926 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(b. 1882 - d. 1967)
(1st
time)
7 Jun 1926 - 16 Dec 1926 Frederick
Williamson (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1935)
(acting)
16 Dec 1926 16 Oct 1928 Frederick
Marshman
Bailey
(s.a.)
(2nd
time)
16 Oct 1928 2 Apr 1931 James Leslie
Rose Weir (1st time) (s.a.)
3 Apr 1931 - Aug 1931
Frederick Williamson (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Nov 1931 3 Jan 1933
James Leslie Rose Weir (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1933 - 17 Nov 1935 Frederick
Williamson (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1935 22 Dec 1935 Richmond Keith
Molesworth Battye (b. 1905 - d. 1958)
(acting)
22 Dec 1935 - May 1937 Basil
John Gould (1st time)
(s.a.)
May 1937 - Nov 1937
Hugh Edward Richardson (acting)
(b. 1905 - d. 2000)
Nov 1937 - Jun 1945
Basil John Gould (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(from 1941, Sir Basil J. Gould)
Jun 1945 - 14 Aug 1947
Arthur John
Hopkinson
(b. 1894 - d. 1953)
Indian Political Officers
15 Aug 1947 -
1948
Arthur John
Hopkinson
(s.a.)
1948 - 1952
Harishwar Dayal
(s.a.)
Mar 1952 - 1955
Balraj Krishna Kapur
(b. 1910)
1955 -
1961
Apa Parshuram Rao
Pant
(b. 1912 - d. 1992)
23 Oct 1961 - Dec 1963
Inder Jeet Bahadur Singh
(b. 1914 - d. 1987)
1964 -
1966
Avtar Singh
(b.
1921)
1966 - 27 Jun
1967 Vincent
Herbert Coelho
(b. 1917)
3 Jul 1967 - May 1970
Nedyam Balachandran Menon
(b. 1921 - d. 2006)
1970 - Jul 1972
Inder Sen Chopra
(s.a.)
1972 - 1974
Kayatyani
Shankar Bajpai (b.
1928)
1974 - 16 May
1975 Gurbachan
Singh
(b. 1923)
¹Full style of the ruler: Mi-dbang
Chos-rgyal-chen-po (vernacular: Chogyal);
in
communications with British and
Indian authorities 28 Mar 1861 - 22 Dec 1966,
styled: Maharaja.
Territorial Dispute: China did not formally recognize the 16 May 1975 incorporation of Sikkim into India until 11 Apr 2005.
Party abbreviations (None before 1947): SNC = Sikkim National Congress (non-communal, democratic, 1962-1973, renamed SCP); SNP = Sikkim National Party (mainly Bhutia-Lepcha, pro-independence, monarchist, 1950-1975); SSC = Sikkim State Congress Party (mainly Nepali, social-democratic, pro-India union, 1947-Oct 1972, merged into Sikkim Janata Congress, later SCP); SCP = Sikkim Congress Party (non-communal, social-democratic, Feb 1973-Dec 1975, merged into INC)
© Ben Cahoon